1. UNITED STATES OF AMERICA GLOBAL POSITIONING SYSTEM Status and U.S. Policy Update Swedish Radio Navigation Seminar Stockholm, Sweden October 21, 2008 Charles Daniels Senior Advisor, National Coordination Office United States of America

2. 22 Overview Introduction Global Positioning System Modernization Plans U.S. Policy

3. 33 Space-Based PNT Applications Impact A Wide Range of Economic Activities 4 Oil Exploration Oil Exploration Fishing & Boating Fishing & Boating Aviation Surveying & Mapping Surveying & Mapping Trucking & Shipping Satellite Operations Precision Agriculture Power Grid Management Power Grid Management Personal Navigation Personal Navigation Communications Network Synchronization Communications Network Synchronization

4. 44 Introduction Like the Internet, GPS is a critical component of the global information infrastructure –Scalable applications enabling broad new capabilities –Facilitating innovations in efficiency, safety, environmental protection, public security and science During the past decade, GPS has grown into a global utility providing space-based positioning, navigation and timing (PNT) –Consistent, predictable, dependable policy and performance –Augmentations improve performance

5. 5 GPS Introduction Owned and operated by the U.S. Government –Funded by U.S. taxpayers –Managed at a national level as a multi-use asset –Acquired and operated by the U.S. Air Force on behalf of the U.S. Government per US Law Title 10, Section 2281 –30 years of operation – 1 st launch February 1978 GPS service is a one-way broadcast, like FM radio –Unlimited number of users –Civil GPS signals are free of direct user fees Public domain documentation –Available on an equal basis to users and industry –Anyone in the world can develop GPS user equipment

6. 66 Overview Introduction Global Positioning System Modernization Plans U.S. Policy

7. 77 The Global Positioning System Baseline 24 satellite constellation in medium earth orbit Global coverage, 24 hours a day, all weather conditions Satellites broadcast precise time and orbit information on L-band radio frequencies Two types of signals: –Standard (free of direct user fees) –Precise (U.S. and Allied military) Three segments: –Space –Ground control –User equipment

8. 88 GPS Constellation Status 33 Satellites on Orbit –13 Block IIA –12 Block IIR – 6 Block IIR-M – 2 Block IIA Spares Next launchs: –March 2009 – IIR-M 20 –August 2009 – IIR-M 21 (Last IIR) –October 2009 – 1 st Launch of IIF 31 Healthy Satellites As of October 17, 2008 (Baseline Constellation: 24)

9. 99 Ground Antenna Master Control Station (Schriever AFB) GPS Operational Control Segment (OCS) Ascension Diego Garcia Cape Canaveral Hawaii Kwajalein Schriever AFB Colorado S Korea Australia Bahrain S Africa England Argentina Ecuador Tahiti USNO Alaska Monitor Station NewZealand Vandenberg AFB California NGA Monitor Station OCS Monitor Station Ground AntennaFuture Monitor Station Master Control Station Backup Master Control Station

10. 10 GPS Signal in Space Performance Global GPS civil service performance commitment continuously met since 1993 (15 yrs) Global GPS civil service performance commitment continuously met since 1993 (15 yrs)

11. 11 GPS SPS PS UPDATE COMPARISON OF GPS SPS PERFORMANCE PARAMETERS GPS Performance Standard Metric SPS Signal Specification August 1998 (user performance) SPS Performance Standard October 2001 (signal in space) SPS Performance Standard September 2008 * (signal in space) CY 2007 Performance** 1 Global Accuracy All-in-View Horizontal 95% All-in-View Vertical 95% ≤ 100 meters ≤ 156 meters ≤ 13 meters ≤ 22 meters ≤ 9 meters ≤ 15 meters 2.32 meters 4.45 meters 2 Worst Site Accuracy All-in-View Horizontal 95% All-in-View Vertical 95% ≤ 100 meters ≤ 156 meters ≤ 36 meters ≤ 77 meters ≤ 17 meters ≤ 37 meters 3.63 meters 4.95 meters 3 User Range Error (URE)NONE ≤ 6 meters RMS (Constellation RMS URE) ≤ 7.8 meters 95%, (Worst Satellite URE) equivalent to 4 m RMS 2.29 meters RMS (Worst Satellite URE) 4 Geometry (PDOP ≤ 6) ≥ 95.87% global ≥ 83.92% worst site ≥ 98% global ≥ 88% worst site ≥ 98% global ≥ 88% worst site 99.988% global 98.958% worst site 5 Constellation AvailabilityNONE ≥ 95% Probability of 24 Healthy Satellites ≥ 98% Probability of 21 Healthy Satellites (assumes 24 primary slots) ≥ 95% Probability of 24 Healthy Satellites ≥ 98% Probability of 21 Healthy Satellites ≥ 99.999% Probability of 20 Healthy Satellites (assumes 24 primary slots) 100% Probability of 22 Healthy Satellites in 24 primary slots (FY2008) *** * Green color indicates improvement in U.S. Government commitment to GPS civil service ** As measured and reported at web site (http://www.nstb.tc.faa.gov/)http://www.nstb.tc.faa.gov/ *** As measured and reported at web site (http://www.gps.afspc.af.mil/gpsoc/)

12. 12 International Augmentations Differential GPS Networks International GNSS Service Global Differential GPS System Space-Based Augmentation Systems

13. 13 Overview Introduction Global Positioning System Modernization Plans U.S. Policy

14. 14 Recent GPS Improvements Launched 3 modernized satellites in past year –Largest GPS constellation size ever –Second Civil Signal (L2C) now on orbit Transitioned to modernized master control station –Improved operational flexibility and responsiveness –Added backup control station Expanded GPS ground network to triple amount of monitor data sent to control station –10-15% improvement in accuracy of GPS data broadcast

15. 15 Block IIA/IIRBlock IIIBlock IIR-M, IIF Backward compatibility 4th civil signal (L1C) Increased accuracy Increased anti-jam power Assured availability Navigation surety Controlled integrity Increased security System survivability IIR-M: IIA/IIR capabilities plus 2nd civil signal (L2C) M-Code (L1M & L2M) IIF: IIR-M capability plus 3rd civil signal (L5) Anti-jam flex power Basic GPS Standard Service –Single frequency (L1) –Coarse acquisition (C/A) code navigation Precise Service –Y-Code (L1Y & L2Y) –Y-Code navigation Increasing System Capabilities  Increasing Defense / Civil Benefit GPS Modernization Program

16. 16 Modernized GPS – New Signals Second civil signal (“L2C”) –Designed to meet commercial needs –Higher accuracy through ionospheric correction –Began with GPS Block IIR-M in Sep 2005; 24 satellites: ~2014 Third civil signal (“L5”) –Designed to meet demanding requirements for transportation safety (safety-of-life) –Uses highly protected Aeronautical Radio Navigation Service (ARNS) band –First launch: ~2009 (GPS IIR-M Demo); ~2009 (GPS IIF); 24 satellites: ~2016 Fourth civil signal (“L1C”) –Designed with international partners to enable GNSS interoperability –Begins with GPS Block III; First launch: ~2014; 24 satellites: ~2021

17. 17 Benefits of GPS Modernization System-wide improvements in accuracy, availability, integrity, and reliability to: –Meet increasing civil, commercial and military demands Higher standalone accuracy More robust against interference Provides separate more secure Military signal Full capability of second (L2C) and third (L5) civil signals Full Capability of L1C for interoperability with other GNSS Improved indoor, mobile, and urban use

18. 18 GPS III Update Contract for GPS III-A satellites awarded in May 08 –Selective Availability feature to be eliminated –First Launch 2013 Contracts for Next-Generation Operational Control Segment (OCX) awarded in January 08 –Will implement full functionality of L2C and L5 Future increments of GPS III will incorporate additional capabilities –As technology matures and new requirements are validated

19. 19 Overview Introduction Global Positioning System Modernization Plans U.S. Policy

20. 20 U.S. Policy History 1978: First GPS satellite launched 1983: U.S. President offers free civilian access to GPS 1996: U.S. policy establishes joint civil/military GPS management 1997: U.S. Congress passes law that civil GPS shall be provided free of direct user fees 2000: U.S. President set Selective Availability to “Zero” 2004: U.S. President issues U.S. Policy on Space-Based PNT 2007: U.S. President announces Selective Availability will no longer be built into modernized GPS III satellites

21. 21 U.S. Policy Promotes Global Use of GPS Technology No direct user fees for civil GPS services –Provided on a continuous, worldwide basis Open, public signal structures for all civil services –Promotes equal access for user equipment manufacturing, applications development, and value- added services –Encourages open, market-driven competition Global compatibility and interoperability with GPS Service improvements for civil, commercial, and scientific users worldwide Protection of radionavigation spectrum from disruption and interference

22. 22 WHITE HOUSE ADVISORY BOARD Sponsor: NASA ADVISORY BOARD Sponsor: NASA NATIONAL EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE FOR SPACE-BASED PNT Executive Steering Group Co-Chairs: Defense, Transportation NATIONAL EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE FOR SPACE-BASED PNT Executive Steering Group Co-Chairs: Defense, Transportation NATIONAL COORDINATION OFFICE Host: Commerce NATIONAL COORDINATION OFFICE Host: Commerce National Space-Based PNT Organization GPS International Working Group Chair: State GPS International Working Group Chair: State Engineering Forum Co-Chairs: Defense, Transportation Engineering Forum Co-Chairs: Defense, Transportation Ad Hoc Working Groups Defense Transportation State Interior Agriculture Commerce Homeland Security Joint Chiefs of Staff NASA

23. 23 Keys to the Global Success of GPS Program Stability and Performance –Civil service performance commitment met continuously since December 1993 –Continuity of constellation and signals ensured through Air Force operation and acquisition –Continuous improvements in accuracy, availability, etc. –Funding through U.S. taxpayers Policy Stability and Transparency –Open access to civil GPS signals, free of direct user fees –Open, free, and stable technical documentation –Market-based competition worldwide –Liberal export controls on GPS user equipment –National-level policy coordination including civil and military leaders Commercial Entrepreneurship and Investment

24. 24 U.S. Cooperation Efforts Cooperative relationships established with Europe, Japan, Russia, India, Australia U.S. goals: –Compatibility and interoperability –National security –Level playing field in global markets Multilateral cooperation –International Committee on GNSS –ICAO, IMO, NATO

25. 25 Goal of Civil Interoperability Ideal interoperability provides users a PNT solution using signals from different GNSS systems –No additional receiver cost or complexity –No degradation in performance Interoperable = Better Together Than Separate

26. 26 Summary GPS performance is better than designed –New Civil GPS signal (L2C) now available on 6 satellites –Modernization will bring additional improvements in Accurary and Availability. Implementing U.S. National Space-Based PNT Policy –National Executive Committee directly engaged U.S. policy encourages and promotes worldwide use of civil GPS and augmentations International cooperation through GNSS compatibility and interoperability is a U.S. priority

27. 27 For Additional Information… Briefing available at: http://PNT.gov

28. 28 Contact Info Charles Daniels National Coordination Office for Space-Based PNT Washington, DC 20230 Tele:202-482-6726 Email:charles.daniels@pnt.gov Web sites:http://pnt.gov http://gps.gov