1. AP US History Mrs. Marshall Chapter 31 Notes

2. January 1917 Germany announced it would sink all ships in British waters. Nullified Sussex Pledge February 1917 British agents intercepted a message from German leader, Arthur Zimmerman, proposing an alliance between Germany and Mexico against the US Events in Russia-monarchy was replaced with a representative government

3. 1st 2 weeks of March German u-boats sank 4 unarmed American merchant ships. April 6, 1917 Wilson asked Congress to declare war on Germany. Wilson said it was “a war to end all wars” and to make the world safe for democracy.

4. Wilson viewed America’s entry as an opportunity for the US to shape a new international order based on the ideals of democracy. Selective Service Act- (conscription/draft) required all men between ages of 18 and 45 to register with government for military service. Put nearly 4 million men in uniform Called “doughboys”

5. Women in military- were admitted for the 1st time in the navy and marines in non-combat positions. African Americans- served in segregated units usually under the command of white officers.

6. Headed by George Creel Established a successful system of voluntary censorship by the press and his massive propaganda campaign effectively created support for the allied cause.

7. Bernard Baruch Through he use of mass-production and standardization industrial production in the US increased by about 20%

8. William Howard Taft Primary purpose was to stop labor disputes that may interfere with war effort IWW- Industrial Workers of the World- “Wobblies”

9. Inability to gain right to organize Inflation Violence against workers by employers Use of African Americans as strikebreakers

10. Herbert Hoover To help produce and conserve food supply and encouraged people to grow their own food. US government financed war through taxes and the sale of bond (Liberty Loan or Victory Loan bonds)

11. Passed to punish people who did not support the war effort. Could not interfere with the draft or sale of war bonds, could not speak against the war. Targeted socialists and labor leaders Violated the 1st amendment Schenck v US (1919) court affirmed their legality. Justice Oliver Wendell Holmes

12. German leader, Kaiser Wilhelm II fled to the Netherlands November 11, 1918 Germany agreed to a cease-fire. Armistice signed to end war.

13. Wilson’s Fourteen Points for Peace. Wilson said that when the war was over the countries of the world should work together to build a lasting peace.

14. suggested ways that wars could be avoided Countries should not make secret treaties with each other Maintain freedom of the seas Tariffs should be lowered to promote free trade Countries should reduce arms Interest of colonial people should be considered

15. Points 6-13 Suggested new national boundaries. Fourteenth Point called for the creation of a League of Nations-an international peacekeeping organization-would address problems between countries before they led to war.

16. Leaders of the Allied Nations: (Big Four) US Woodrow Wilson Great Britain David Lloyd George France Georges Clemenceau Italy Vitorio Orlando

17. 1919 the Big Four and representatives of the Central Powers met at the Hall of Mirrors at the Palace of Versailles in France

18. Treaty created new national boundaries Established 9 new nations Shifted boundaries of other nations Carved out parts of the Ottoman Empire to create colonies in the middle East for Britain and France Germany was blamed for the war. They had to disarm, forced to pay reparations and contained a war-guilt clause

19. Chairman of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee Led group of senators who refused to approve the treaty unless changes were made in the plans for the League of Nations. Article X was the most controversial aspect of the Treaty of Versailles

20. Wilson refused any changes, would not compromise. Sept 1919 began a speaking tour to win support for the treaty. Suffered a serious stroke. Several more votes taken on treaty but was never ratified by the Senate. US never joined the League of Nations. 1921 after Wilson left the Presidency the US signed a separate peace treaty with Germany

21. 1920 election: Republican candidate was Ohio Senator Warren G. Harding. Democratic candidate was Ohio Governor James Cox. Eugene Debs was the Socialist candidate Warren Harding won the election.