1. PROGRAMMABLE LOGIC CONTROLLER DNT 353/3
BY: Salsabila Ahmad

2. CHAPTER 1 ELECTRICAL CONTROLLER EQUIPMENT
BY: Salsabila Ahmad

3. ELECTRICAL CIRCUIT BASIC
4 ELECTRICAL BASICS
POWER SUPPLY
INPUT DEVICE
Input Controller Equipment
CONDUCTOR
OUTPUT DEVICE
Output Controller Equipment

4. A device which supplies energy needed to create an electrical current
POWER SUPPLY
Definition:
A device which supplies energy needed to create an electrical current

5. EXAMPLES OF POWER SUPPLY
Battery
DC Power Supply
AC Power Supply

6. INPUT DEVICE DEFINITION 2 TYPES OF INPUT DEVICE
Mechanical input device
Solid state proximity device
ELECTRICAL SWITCHING
Basic Principle of Electrical Switching
Types of Contacts
How do These Contacts Work?

7. DEFINITION:
A device which allows/ controls the flow of current in a circuit
These devices are known as
“ELECTRICAL CONTROLLER EQUIPMENTS”
Provides Electrical Switching

8. MECHANICAL INPUT DEVICES
Definition:
An input device with a mechanical contact

9. EXAMPLE OF MECHANICAL INPUT DEVICES
Contact Relay
Push button
Limit Switch
Selector Switch
Toggle Switch
Temperature Switch
Pressure Switch
Solenoid Switch
Induction Motor Controller

10. CONTACT RELAY
Relay Coil
output device
But
Relay Contact
input device

11. RELAY
2 TYPES OF RELAY:
EMR
SSR

12. CHARACTERISTICS OF EMR & SSR
RELAY SYMBOLS

13. ELECTROMAGNETIC RELAY (EMR)
Definition:
An EMR is an electromagnetic device composed of a frame/core, electromagnet coil and contacts (move and fixed)
Based on simple electromagnetic principle

14. SOLID STATE RELAY (SSR)
HOW IT OPERATES?
Operates similarly to EMR, but with no mechanical contact.
Employ semiconductor switching elements
thryristors
triacs
diodes
transistors.

15. Employ optical semiconductors called photo couplers to isolate input and output signals.
Photo couplers change electrical to optical signals and relay the signal through space.

16. CHARACTERISTICS OF EMR AND SSR
slow speed
wears out easily
noisy
cheap
high speed, high frequency for switching operations
no failure due to wear out, since no mechanical contacts
little noise
expensive

17. RELAY SYMBOLS Commonly used in electrical machine diagram
Normally open (NO)
Normally close (NC)
Coil

18. BASIC PRINCIPLE OF ELECTRICAL SWITCHING
A situation of breaking and open an electrical circuit
Or to direct current from one conductor to another.
The PLC is the solution to today’s electrical switching requirements
where it is able to solve complex switching requirements.

19. 2 TYPES OF CONTACT NO NC

20. HOW DO THESE CONTACTS WORK?
Once coil is energized, the contact will change state
NO  NC
NC  NO

21. PUSH BUTTON Definition Concepts of Operation
Application of Push Button
Schematic Symbols

22. DEFINITION pushbutton-type operator
Have one set or more contact/spring
Mostly have a set of normally open (NO) and normally closed (NC) contact

23. CONCEPTS OF OPERATION
Pushing the operator causes the contacts to change state
Spring causes switch operator to automatically return to it’s natural state when it is released.
NO  NC  NO
NC  NO  NC
natural state change state automatic return
a switch with this return spring action, is called a momentary switch.

24. APPLICATIONS
Frequently used in industrial applications to control functions such as
starting
and stopping
the machine’s operation
With a safety nature. Why?

25. SCHEMATIC SYMBOLS FOR PUSH BUTTON
Normally Open Contact
Normally Closed Contact

26. LIMIT SWITCH

27. SELECTOR SWITCH
Definition
Application
Schematic Symbols

28. DEFINITION
Similarly to pushbutton, but instead of pushing, you rotate a knob
may be designed to stay in a selected position or may have a momentary action
selector switch that stays in a certain position is called a maintained switch.

29. APPLICATION for switching mode of operation
Widely used in industrial applications
for switching mode of operation
For example from automatic to manual modes
to turn the main power on and off
to select between AC or DC output.
Some requires key (authorized person) to turn on for safety reason.

30. SCHEMATIC SYMBOLS FOR SELECTOR SWITCH
Normally open contact
Normally close contact
Selector switch with two contacts

31. TOGGLE SWITCH Toggle switch is a maintained switch
What is a maintained switch?

32. TEMPERATURE SWITCH

33. PRESSURE SWITCH

34. SOLENOID SWITCH
Use concept of magnetic flux for armature/plunger to move
Produces linear mechanical motion

35. INDUCTION MOTOR CONTROLLER
Commonly used micro-controllers

36. PROXIMITY SENSORS

37. SOLID STATE PROXIMITY DEVICES
Definition:
An electronic input device which needs power to be able to operate
Proximity Sensors Category

38. PROXIMITY SENSORS CATEGORY
Proximity sensors inductive
capacitive dielectric type
conductive type
ultrasonic
optical diffuse reflective type
retro reflective type
thru beam
fiber optic sensor
color mark sensor
encoder sensor

39. INDUCTIVE PROXIMITY SENSOR
Sense only metallic objects
e.g. steel, iron, aluminum, tin, copper etc
Has limited sensing range
range affected by the type of metal sense

40. An oscillator and a detection coil generate a magnetic field that produces Eddy currents in a nearby metallic object (the detectable object). These Eddy currents generate a magnetic field that influences the field produced by the sensor’s detection coil.

41. CAPACITIVE PROXIMITY SENSOR
sense all material with mass.
operation for both dielectric and conductive type are the same

42. CAPACITIVE PROXIMITY SENSOR
The dielectric type works best for high density material
Low density material (e.g. paper, foam etc) do not cause a detectable change in dielectric.
The conductive type works best on electrically conductive material
e.g. metal or water-based material)

43. ULTRASONIC SENSOR
Use ultrasonic technology
How does it works?

44. CONCEPTS OF ULTRASONIC SENSOR
Use an ultrasonic “ping” sent from sensor to target
Sensing area is a funnel shape area
Therefore, target must be located directly in front of sensor
When echo is returned, sensor detects target by measuring time delay between transmitted ping and returned echo
sensor calculate distance between sensor and target

45. CONCEPTS OF ULTRASONIC SENSOR (cont’)
Do not work well on cloth, foam rubber
since good absorber of sound waves
Works best on high density material
where sound waves reflects best

46. DIFFUSE REFLECTIVE
Emitter and receiver located in same housing

47. DIFFUSE REFLECTIVE
Emitter
and receiver
Light emitted is received when the object is present
Works well on glossy target but not transparent

48. RETRO-REFLECTIVE
Emitter and receiver located in same housing.

49. RETRO-REFLECTIVE Light emitted is received when the object is absent.
Emitter
and receiver
reflector
Light emitted is received when the object is absent.
Does not work well with glossy target. Why?
Because glossy target acts like a reflector

50. EXERCISE:
If you have a shinny object as a target, which type of sensor do you choose; retro or diffuse?

51. THRU-BEAM
Emitter and receiver is located in different housing

52. THRU-BEAM
emitter
receiver
Sense the object’s present when it passes through between emitter and receiver
where it stops the light from hitting receiver

53. FIBER OPTIC
Available in both thru beam and reflective

54. FIBER OPTIC Use plastic and glass fibers to carry lights Thru-beam
object
Reflector
Use plastic and glass fibers to carry lights

55. COLOR MARK
A special type of diffuse reflective optical sensor that can
differentiate between colors
some can detect contrast between colors.
Typically used to check labels and sort packages by color mark.

56. ENCODER Used for position feedback and some for velocity feedback
Two main types
Incremental
absolute

57. CONDUCTOR

58. CONDUCTOR Definition:
A medium that connects all the components and allows current to flow.
Examples:
copper wire
bread board
What else???

59. OUTPUT DEVICE
Definition
Example

60. DEFINITION A component that will produce a desired output. E.g.
Sound
Light
Movement etc
It is also referred to as a load.

61. EXAMPLE
Coil
Buzzer/Alarm
Lamp
Motor
Solenoid
Timer
Counter

62. COIL Can represents various forms of output including Motor Light Pump
Counter
Timer
Relay

63. BUZZER
LAMP

64. MOTOR Types of Motor In PLC, motor can only be controlled for
power (ON/OFF)
direction (CCW/CW)
preset speed

65. TYPES OF MOTOR DC motor type wound field permanent magnet
electronics commutation dc motors
AC motor type induction motors
synchronous motor

66. SOLENOID VALVE

67. TIMER Function: Used to delay actions Common symbols
Timer Characteristics
How they are differentiate?
How they are programmed?

68. DEFINITION
Used to provide time delay.

69. COMMON SYMBOLS OF TIMER
TMR
TIMER0 T0
K40
INPUT
most common symbol for displaying timer function is in block diagram
uses a box shape to display the timer function
Sometimes, timer is displayed in coil format symbol

70. CHARACTERISTICS OF TIMER
Timers typically have one or two input
Timer with one input has functions as a timer enable input. When input ‘high’, the timer begins timing
A timer with 2 inputs has additional functions which is used to reset the timer accumulated time to zero when the second input is ‘high’
Every timer has a time base
Typically; 1 sec, 0.1 sec and 0.01sec.

71. HOW TIMERS ARE IDENTIFIED?
Each timer will have number to identify it
There are two parameters for timer
timer number
Used to identify timer e.g. Timer 0, Timer 2.
Preset value
Is the delay time set for the timer

72. TIMER’S PROGRAM
There are still many similarities in the way the timers are programmed
even when PLC are different brand
Let say the time base of a timer is 0.1 second
Therefore, if a programmer entered 50 for the number of delay increments
What is the timer’s delay?
the timer would have a 5-second delay.
50 x 0.1 sec = 5 sec

73. COUNTER
What is it?
What is its characteristics?

74. DEFINITION used to capture and store number of occurrence
Common applications of counters
include keeping track of the number of items moving past a given point
determining the number of times a given action occurs

75. CHARACTERISTICS set to some preset number value
when this value of input pulses has been received, it will operate its contacts
Let say the counter is set for 10 pulses, then when 10 pulse impulses have been received, the counter contacts will close
When there is a input transition for X0 from OFF to ON, counter starts counting
When the RESET is ON, the counter resets to 0