1. Copyright © 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Chapter 01 History and Trends of Health Care

2. Copyright © 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 1:1 History of Health Care Some treatment methods used today are from ancient times Herbs utilized in the past for both food and medicine are found in medications today

3. Copyright © 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Ancient Times Illness and disease were believed to be caused by evil spirits and demons or as punishment from the gods Health records were first recorded by the ancient Egyptians

4. Copyright © 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Ancient Times (continued) Chinese believed in the need to cure the spirit and nourish the body Hippocrates and other physicians in ancient Greece established the importance of diet and cleanliness in preventing illness and disease

5. Copyright © 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Ancient Times (continued) Romans implemented use of sewers for waste and aqueducts (waterways) for clean water In ancient times causes of disease had not been discovered and many illnesses were fatal Average life span of 20 to 35 years

6. Copyright © 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. The Dark Ages and Middle Ages Interest in the medical practices of Greeks and Romans In the 1300s an epidemic of bubonic plague killed nearly 75% of the population of Europe and Asia Average life span of 20 to 35 years

7. Copyright © 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. The Renaissance Rebirth of the science of medicine Human dissection to view body organs Printing press allowed publication of medical books Causes of disease were still a mystery Average life span of 30 to 40 years

8. Copyright © 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. The 16th, 17th, and 18th Centuries Knowledge of human body greatly increased Invention of microscope Apothecaries (early pharmacists) made, prescribed, and sold medications Smallpox vaccine discovered Average life span of 40 to 50 years

9. Copyright © 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. The 19th Century Industrial Revolution – Development of machines – Major progress in medical science Invention of stethoscope, nurse training programs Infection control Average life span of 40 to 65 years

10. Copyright © 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. The 20th Century Rapid growth in health care X-rays, medicines, and vaccines to prevent disease developed The structure of DNA and research in gene therapy (ongoing today) Health care plans

11. Copyright © 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. The 20th Century (continued) First open-heart surgery in 1950s Computer technology in every aspect of health care Unlimited possibilities for medical science in the future Average life span of 60 to 80 years

12. Copyright © 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. The 21st Century Human Genome Project Embryonic stem cell and cloned cell research Threat of bioterrorism with the use of biologic agents as weapons Viruses that can cause pandemics

13. Copyright © 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 1:2 Trends in Health Care: Cost Containment Control rising cost of health care and achieve maximum benefit for every dollar spent Reasons for increasing costs – Technological advances – Aging population – Health-related lawsuits

14. Copyright © 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Cost Containment (continued) Methods – Diagnostic related groups (DRGs) – Combination of services – Outpatient services – Mass or bulk purchasing – Early intervention and preventive services – Energy conservation

15. Copyright © 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Home Health Care Industry grew rapidly when DRGs were initiated Services provided in a patient ’ s home Trend is a return to home care of earlier years Form of cost containment

16. Copyright © 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Geriatric Care Care for the elderly Percentage of elderly population growing rapidly Baby boomers entering geriatric age Need for more and different types of facilities

17. Copyright © 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. OBRA Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act (OBRA) of 1987 Federal regulation for long-term care and home health care States must establish training and competency evaluation programs for nursing/geriatric assistants

18. Copyright © 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. OBRA (continued) States must maintain a registry of qualified individuals Requires compliance with patients’ and residents’ rights States must establish guidelines so that these rights are observed/enforced

19. Copyright © 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Telemedicine Use of video, audio, and computers to provide medical/health care services Decreases need for medical center visits Decreases need for home health visits Telemedicine will be important to health care delivery in the future

20. Copyright © 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Wellness State of optimum health Balance between physical, social, and mental health Focus on disease prevention and quality of life – Saves costs Exercise, nutrition, weight control, and healthy living habits

21. Copyright © 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Wellness (continued) Physical wellness Emotional wellness Social wellness Mental and intellectual wellness Spiritual wellness

22. Copyright © 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Wellness (continued) Holistic health care – Treats the whole body, mind, and spirit – Each person is unique and has different needs – Uses many methods to diagnose and treatment – Emphasis on protection and restoration – Promotes body ’ s natural healing powers – Health care worker respects patient choice

23. Copyright © 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Complementary and Alternative Methods of Health Care Complementary therapies: used in conjunction with conventional therapies Alternative therapies: used in place of biomedical therapies Integrative health care: uses mainstream and CAM therapies in treatment

24. Copyright © 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Complementary and Alternative Methods of Health Care (continued) Holistic approach – Belief that effect on one part effects whole person Based on belief that the person has a life force or energy that can be used in the healing process May vary by cultural values or beliefs

25. Copyright © 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Types of CAM Practitioners Ayurvedic Chinese medicine Chiropractors Homeopaths Hypnotists Naturopaths

26. Copyright © 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Types of Therapies Refer to Table 1-8 in Text Most are noninvasive and holistic Often less expensive than traditional treatments National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine established in 1992

27. Copyright © 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Pandemic Disease outbreak over a wide geographic area affecting high proportion of population WHO concern about influenza pandemics – H5N1: avian flu – H1N1: swine flu Viruses can mutate and exchange genetic information

28. Copyright © 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Pandemic (continued) Government plans – Education – Vaccine production – Antiviral drugs – Developing protective public health measures – International cooperation

29. Copyright © 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Conclusion Health care has changed and will continue to change Workers must be constantly aware of changes that occur Workers must make every attempt to learn about trends