1. RTI, Nagpur1 Session IV Modus operandi of fraud and factors influencing fraud

2. RTI, Nagpur2 Session Overview General modus operandi of financial fraud Understand the individual and organizational environments in motivating fraud in workplace.

3. RTI, Nagpur3 Learning Objectives  Participants will develop an insight on modus operandi of frauds and also the motivational and organisational factors responsible for the crime.

4. RTI, Nagpur4 Modus Operandi of frauds Misappropriation of cash or embezzlement of cash Receipts side of cash book omitting to enter cash received under-recording of cash recording lower amount on counterfoils than actual receipt fictitious payment over-recording of actual payment

5. RTI, Nagpur5 Modus Operandi of frauds (Contd.) Payments side False charging of personal expenses Double payments against single transaction Inclusion of dummy workers in wage bill False credit to various personal accounts for withdrawal later

6. RTI, Nagpur6 Modus Operandi of frauds (Contd.) Other forms of embezzlement Teeming & lading Depositing funds at one branch by using inter- branch account settlement process and withdrawing funds from a different branch. Using correction entries to embezzle money from accounts, transferring funds from other accounts to make up shortages Kiting-withdrawals against cheques that have not been collected Lapping-stealing of cash from accounts receivable

7. RTI, Nagpur7 Modus Operandi of frauds (Contd.) Mis-appropriation of goods & services  Omitting to enter goods received  Recording less quantity than received  Recording excess issue than actually issued  Procurement of low quality goods  Hiring services at high cost

8. RTI, Nagpur8 Modus Operandi of frauds (Contd.) Manipulation of accounts  Under valuation of stock  Over valuation of stock  Fictitious purchase  Wrong allocation of revenue and capital exp.  Recording next year’s revenue as income for current period as income for current period  Overstatement of profit or understatement of profit  Over or under invoicing

9. RTI, Nagpur9 Fraud & corruption may co-exist in certain ways Conflict of interest situation Non existent company whose invoice is presented by an official involved in purchase process Excess purchases with a view to divert for personal use Split purchases to evade competitive bidding in exchange of favours Extortion Nepotism Tax or duty evasion through false representation involving negligence of Govt. official

10. RTI, Nagpur10 Factors influencing fraud & corruption Why need to examine To enable auditor to appreciate potential risk of fraud emanating from individual & organizational causes Motivational  economic – financial gain  greed  prestige or recognition  moral superiority

11. RTI, Nagpur11 Factors influencing fraud & corruption (Contd.) Organisational  insensitive management that judges employees on short term results  vague policies, inadequate internal control & accountability, history of abuse  low compliance of regulatory requirement, high turnover of employees, lack of transparency in reward systems  rationalization of actions that ends justify the means, either at the individual level or at the level of organization, the external perpetrator/accomplice might argue that corruption is a cost of doing business.