2. Regular expressions Used by several different UNIX commands, including ed, sed, awk, grep A period ‘.’ matches any single characters.X. matches any X that is surrounded by any two characters Caret character ^ matches the beginning of the line ^Bridgeport matches the characters Bridgeport only if they occur at the beginning of the line

3. Regular expressions (continue.) A dollar sign ‘$’ is used to match the end of the line Bridgeport$ will match the characters Bridgeport only they are the very last characters on the line $ matches any single character at the end of the line To match any single character, this character should be preceded by a backslash ‘\’ to remove the special meaning \.$ matches any line end with a period

4. Regular expressions (continue.) ^$ matches any line that contains no characters […] is used to match any character enclosed in […] [tT] matches a lower or upper case t followed immediately by the characters [A-Z] matches upper case letter [A-Za-z] matches upper or lower case letter [^A-Z] matches any character except upper case letter [A-Za-z] matches any non alphabetic character

5. Regular expressions (continue.) (*) Asterisk matches zero or more characters X* matches zero, one, two, three, … capital X’s XX* matches one or more capital X’s.* matches zero or more occurrences of any characters e.*e matches all the characters from the first e in the line to the last one [A-Za-z] [A-Za-z] * matches any alphabetic character followed by zero or more alphabetic character

6. Regular expressions (continue.) [-0-9] matches a single dash or digit character (ORDER IS IMPORTANT) [0-9-] same as [-0-9] [^-0-9] matches any alphabetic except digits and dash []a-z] matches a right bracket or lower case letter (ORDER IS IMPORTANT)

7. Regular expressions (continue.) \{min, max\} matches a precise number of characters min specifies the minimum number of occurrences of the preceding regular expression to be matched, and max specifies the maximum w\{1,10\} matches from 1 to 10 consecutive w’s [a-zA-Z]\{7\} matches exactly seven alphabetic characters

8. Regular expressions (continue.) X\{5,\} matches at least five consecutive X’s \(….) is used to save matched characters ^\(.\) matches the first character on the line and store it into register one There is 1-9 registers To retrieve what is stored in any register \n is used Example: ^\(.\)\1 matches the first two characters on a line if they are both the same characters

9. Regular expressions (continue.) ^\(.\).*\1$ matches all lines in which the first character on the line is the same as the last. Note (.*) matches all the characters in- between ^\(…)\(…\) the first three characters on the line will be stored into register 1 and the next three characters into register 2

10. cut $ who bgeorge pts/16 Oct 5 15:01 (216.87.102.204) abakshi pts/13 Oct 6 19:48 (216.87.102.220) tphilip pts/11 Oct 2 14:10 (AC8C6085.ipt.aol.com) $ who | cut -c1-8,18- bgeorge Oct 5 15:01 (216.87.102.204) abakshi Oct 6 19:48 (216.87.102.220) tphilip Oct 2 14:10 (AC8C6085.ipt.aol.com) $ Used in extracting various fields of data from a data file or the output of a command Format: cut -cchars file chars specifies what characters to extract from each line of file.

11. cut (continue.) Example: -c5, -c1,3,4 -c-10-15 -c5- The –d and –f options are used with cut when you have data that is delimited by a particular character Format: cut –ddchars –ffields file dchar: delimiters of the fields (default: tab character) fields: fields to be extracted from file

12. cut (continue.) $ cat /etc/passwd root:x:0:1:Super-User:/:/sbin/sh daemon:x:1:1::/: bin:x:2:2::/usr/bin: sys:x:3:3::/: adm:x:4:4:Admin:/var/adm: lp:x:71:8:Line Printer Admin:/usr/spool/lp: uucp:x:5:5:uucp Admin:/usr/lib/uucp: listen:x:37:4:Network Admin:/usr/net/nls: nobody:x:60001:60001:Nobody:/: noaccess:x:60002:60002:No Access User:/: oracle:*:101:67:DBA Account:/export/home/oracle:/bin/csh webuser:*:102:102:Web User:/export/home/webuser:/bin/csh abuzneid:x:103:100:Abdelshakour Abuzneid:/home/abuzneid:/sbin/csh $

13. cut (continue.) $ cut -d: -f1 /etc/passwd root daemon bin sys adm lp uucp nuucp listen nobody oracle webuser abuzneid $

14. cut (continue.) $ cat phonebook Edward 336-145 Alice 334-121 Sony 332-336 Robert 326-056 $ cut -f1 phonebook Edward Alice Sony Robert $

15. paste Format: paste files tab character is a default delimiter

16. paste (continue.) Example: $ cat students Sue Vara Elvis Luis Eliza $ cat sid 578426 452869 354896 455468 335123 $ paste students sid Sue 578426 Vara 452869 Elvis 354896 Luis 455468 Eliza 335123 $

17. paste (continue.) The option –s tells paste to paste together lines from the same file not from alternate files To change the delimiter, -d option is used

18. paste (continue.) Examples: $ paste -d '+' students sid Sue+578426 Vara+452869 Elvis+354896 Luis+455468 Eliza+335123 $ paste -s students Sue Vara Elvis Luis Eliza $ ls | paste -d ' ' -s - addr args list mail memo name nsmail phonebook programs roster sid students test tp twice user $

19. sed sed (stream editor) is a program used for editing data Unlike ed, sed can not be used interactively Format: sed command file command: applied to each line of the specified file file: if no file is specified, then standard input is assumed sed writes the output to the standard output s/Unix/UNIX command is applied to every line in the file, it replaces the first Unix with UNIX

20. sed (continue.) sed makes no changes to the original input file ‘s/Unix/UNIX/g’ command is applied to every line in the file. It replaces every Unix with UNIX. “g” means global With –n option, selected lines can be printed Example: sed –n ’1,2p’ file which prints the first two lines Example: sed –n ‘/UNIX/p’ file, prints any line containing UNIX

21. sed (continue.) Example: sed –n ‘/1,2d/’ file, deletes lines 1 and 2 Example: sed –n’ /1’ text, prints all lines from text, showing non printing characters as \nn and tab characters as “>”

22. tr The tr filter is used to translate characters from standard input Format: tr from-chars to-chars Result is written to standard output Example tr e x <file, translates every “e” in file to “x” and prints the output to the standard output The octal representation of a character can be given to “tr” in the format \nnn Example: tr : ‘\11’ will translate all : to tabs

23. tr (continue.) CharacterOctal value Bell7 Backspace10 Tab11 New line12 Linefeed12 Form feed14 Carriage return15 Escape33

24. tr (continue.) Example: tr ‘[a-z]’’[A-Z]’ < file translate all lower case letters in file to their uppercase equivalent. The characters ranges [a-z] and [A-Z] are enclosed in quotes to keep the shell from replacing them with all files named from a through z and A through Z To “squeeze” out multiple occurrences of characters the –s option is used

25. tr (continue.) Example: tr –s ’ ’ ‘ ‘ < file will squeeze multiple spaces to one space The –d option is used to delete single characters from a stream of input Format: tr –d from-chars Example: tr –d ‘ ‘ < file will delete all spaces from the input stream

26. grep Searches one or more files for a particular characters patterns Format: grep pattern files Example: grep path.cshrc will print every line in.cshrc file which has the pattern ‘path’ and print it Example: grep bin.cshrc.login.profile will print every line from any of the three files.cshrc,.login and.profile which has the pattern “bin”

27. grep (continue.) Example : grep * smarts will give an error because * will be substituted with all file in the correct directory Example : grep ‘*’ smarts * smarts grep arguments

28. sort By default, sort takes each line of the specified input file and sorts it into ascending order $ cat students Sue Vara Elvis Luis Eliza $ sort students Eliza Elvis Luis Sue Vara $

29. sort (continue.) The –n option tells sort to eliminate duplicate lines from the output

30. sort (continue.) $ echo Ash >> students $ cat students Sue Vara Elvis Luis Eliza Ash $ sort students Ash Eliza Elvis Luis Sue Vara $

31. sort (continue.) The –s option reverses the order of the sort The –o option is used to direct the input from the standard output to file sort students > sorted_students works as sort students –o sorted_students The –o option allows to sort file and saves the output to the same file Example: sort students –o students correct sort students > students incorrect

32. sort (continue.) The –n option specifies the first field for sort as number and data to sorted arithmetically

33. sort (continue.) $ cat data -10 11 15 2 -9 -3 2 13 20 22 3 1 $ sort data -10 11 -9 -3 15 2 2 13 20 22 3 1 $

34. sort (continue.) $ sort -n data -10 11 -9 -3 2 13 3 1 15 2 20 22 $ sort +1n data -9 -3 3 1 15 2 -10 11 2 13 20 22 $

35. sort (continue.) To sort by the second field +1n should be used instead of n. +1 says to skip the first field +5n would mean to skip the first five fields on each line and then sort the data numerically

36. sort (continue.) Example $ sort -t: +2n /etc/passwd root:x:0:1:Super-User:/:/sbin/sh daemon:x:1:1::/: bin:x:2:2::/usr/bin: sys:x:3:3::/: adm:x:4:4:Admin:/var/adm: uucp:x:5:5:uucp Admin:/usr/lib/uucp: nuucp:x:9:9:uucp Admin:/var/spool/uucppublic:/usr/lib/uucp/uucico listen:x:37:4:Network Admin:/usr/net/nls: lp:x:71:8:Line Printer Admin:/usr/spool/lp: oracle:*:101:67:DBA Account:/export/home/oracle:/bin/csh webuser:*:102:102:Web User:/export/home/webuser:/bin/csh y:x:60001:60001:Nobody:/: $

37. uniq Used to find duplicate lines in a file Format: uniq in_file out_file uniq will copy in_file to out_file removing any duplicate lines in the process uniq’s definition of duplicated lines are consecutive-occurring lines that match exactly

38. uniq (continue.) $ cat students Sue Vara Elvis Luis Eliza Ash $ uniq students Sue Vara Elvis Luis Eliza Ash $ The –d option is used to list duplicate lines Example:

39. References UNIX SHELLS BY EXAMPLE BY ELLIE QUIGLEY UNIX FOR PROGRAMMERS AND USERS BY G. GLASS AND K ABLES UNIX SHELL PROGRAMMING BY S. KOCHAN AND P. WOOD