1. Radio observations of massive galaxy and black hole formation in the early Universe Chris Carilli (NRAO) MPIA, Heidelberg, Aug 7, 2009  Introductory remarks  Massive galaxy and SMBH formation within 1 Gyr of Big Bang: dust, gas, and star formation in quasar host galaxies at z~6  Future: probing normal galaxy formation with the next generation telescopes Collaborators: Ran Wang, Walter, Menten, Cox, Bertoldi, Omont, Strauss, Fan, Wagg, Riechers, Wagg, Neri

2. Why quasar hosts at highest z?  Spectroscopic redshifts  Extreme (massive) systems M B < -26 L bol ~ 1e14 L o M BH ~ 1e9 M o  Rapidly increasing samples: z>5: > 100 z>6: > 20 Radio only current method for probing host galaxies [Note: M BH derived from L edd, MgII width, other; eg. Kurk, Fan] SDSS J1148+5251 z=6.42 Host galaxy CO 3-2 VLA 1”=5.5kpc

3. Fan 05 Gunn-Peterson effect toward z~6 SDSS QSOs  Pushing into the tail-end of cosmic reionization => sets benchmark for first luminous structure formation  GP effect => study of ‘first light’ is restricted to obs > 1um 0.9um

4. QSO host galaxies – M BH -- M bulge relation  Most (all?) low z spheroidal galaxies have SMBH  ‘Causal connection between SMBH and spheroidal galaxy formation’  Luminous high z QSOs have massive host galaxies (1e12 M o ) Haaring & Rix 2004 M BH =0.0014 M bulge

5. Synchrotron Free-Free M82 radio-FIR SED All mechanisms  massive star formation rate Thermal dust 20 -- 70K SFR (M o /yr) = 3e-10 L FIR (L o /yr) SFR (M o /yr) = 6e-29 L 1.4 (erg/s/Hz)  = 0.8 M o (K km s -1 pc 2 ) -1 Radio-FIR

6. Plateau de Bure Interferometer High res imaging at 90 to 230 GHz rms < 0.1mJy, res < 0.5”  Spectroscopic imaging of molecular gas, fuel for star formation in galaxies: gas mass, ISM conditions, dynamics  Fine structure lines: dominant ISM gas coolant  Dust + synchrotron imaging: cm-to- mm SEDs => obscuration-free star formation rates, ISM conditions, AGN MAMBO at 30m 30’ field at 250 GHz, rms < 0.3 mJy Very Large Array 30’ field at 1.4 GHz rms< 10uJy, 1” res High res imaging at 20 to 50 GHz rms < 0.1 mJy, res < 0.2”

7. Wang sample: 33 z>5.7 quasars (mostly SDSS) L FIR ~ 0.3 to 1.3 x10 13 L o ~ HyLIRG (47K, β = 1.5) M dust ~ 1.5 to 5.5 x10 8 M o ~ 10x MW (κ 125um = 19 cm 2 g -1 ) Dust and star formation MAMBO 250GHz surveys 1/3 of z>2 quasars have S 250 > 2mJy 1e13 L o 2.4mJy HyLIRG

8.  AGB Winds ≥ 1.4e9yr > t univ = 0.87e9yr => dust formation associated with high mass star formation? (Dwek, Shull, Nozawa) or ‘smoking quasars’: dust formed in BLR winds (Elvis) Extinction toward z=6.2 QSO and 6.3 GRB => larger, silicate + amorphous carbon dust grains formed in core collapse SNe vs. eg. graphite? Maiolino, Stratta z=6.2 quasar, GRB Galactic SMC, z<4 quasars Dust formation at t univ <1Gyr?

9. Dust heating by starburst or AGN?

10. Radio to near-IR SED T D = 47 K  FIR excess = 47K dust  Radio-FIR SED consistent with star forming galaxy Radio-FIR correlation Elvis SED T D ~ 1000K

11. Radio-FIR correlation SFR ~ 400 to 2000 M o /yr

12. Anti-correlation of FIR luminosity and Lya EW D D D D D D D D No D Dust => Log EW < 1.5 No dust => Log EW > 1.5

13. Molecular gas = fuel for star formation: 8 CO detections at z ~ 6 with PdBI, VLA

14. QSO SMG High z quasar hosts vs. submm galaxies Quasars: M med = 3e10 M o, FWHM med = 413 km s -1 SMG (z~2.3): M med = 2e10 M o, FWHM med = 565 km s -1

15. T k = 50 K n H2 = 10 4.2 cm -3 CO excitation: Dense, warm gas -- thermally excited to 6-5 J1148 J1048 GMC (50pc) ~ 100 to 2000 cm -3 GMC cores ( 10 4 cm -3

16. L FIR vs L’(CO): ‘integrated Kennicutt-Schmidt law’ Index=1.5 1e11 M o 1e3 M o /yr Star formation efficiency(SFR/M gas ) increases with increasing SFR Gas depletion timescale(M gas /SFR) decreases with SFR Need imaging! Gas resupply is required to form GE ~ 10 12 M * FIR ~ 1e10 L o /yr => t dep ~ 3e8yr FIR ~ 1e13 L o /yr => t dep ~ 1e7yr SFR M gas

17. 1148+52 z=6.42: VLA imaging at 0.15” resolution IRAM 1” ~ 5.5kpc CO3-2 VLA  Size ~ 6 kpc  Double peaked 2kpc separation, each ~ 1kpc, M(H 2 )~ 5 x10 9 M o  T B ~ 35 K ~ starburst nuclei + 0.3”

18. GMC ~ 50pc GMC core ~ 1pc Gas surface density

19. CO rotation curves: QSO host galaxy dynamics at high z 2322+1944, z=4.2 Molecular Einstein ring Riechers et al. 2008 CO 2-1 50 km/s channels

20. 2322+1944 CO rotation curve: lens inversion and QSO host galaxy dynamics  Galaxy dynamical mass (r<3kpc) ~ 4.4e10 M o  M(H 2 ) ~ 1.7e10 M o Riechers + 08

21. Break-down of M BH -- M bulge relation at very high z Use CO rotation curves to get host galaxy dynamical mass High z QSO hosts Low z QSO hosts Other low z galaxies Riechers + Perhaps black holes form first? but Lauer Bias for optically selected quasars

22. M bh /M dyn vs. inclination for z=6 QSOs Low z relation All must be face-on: i < 20 o Need imaging!

23. [CII] 158um  Dominant ISM gas cooling line (Spitzer 1976)  Traces CNM and PDRs  z>4 => FS lines observed in (sub)mm bands; z>6 => Bure! COBE => [CII] 10 to 100x more luminous than any other mm to FIR line in Galaxy (Bennett et al.)

24. [CII] 158um search in z > 6.2 quasars J1148+5251 z=6.42 S [CII] = 10mJy L [CII] = 4x10 9 L o (L [NII] < 0.1L [CII] ) 1” [CII] [NII] IRAM 30m J1623+3112 z=6.25 S [CII] = 3mJy S 250GHz < 1mJy Kundsen, Bertoldi, Walter, Maiolino +

25. ‘Maximal star forming disk’ (Walter + 2009) [CII] size ~ 1.5 kpc => SFR/area ~ 1000 M o yr -1 kpc -2 (vs. SMGs ~ 50) Maximal starburst: (Thompson, Quataert, Murray 2005)  Self-gravitating gas disk  Vertical disk support by radiation pressure on dust grains  ‘Eddington limited’ SFR/area ~ 1000 M o yr -1 kpc -2  eg. Arp 220 on 100pc scale, Orion on 0.1pc scale 1” PdBI, 0.25”res

26. [CII] [CII]/FIR decreases with L FIR = lower gas heating efficiency due to charged dust grains => luminous starbursts are still hard to detect in C+ Normal star forming galaxies are not much harder to detect HyLIRG at z> 4: no worse than ULIRG at low z => lower metalicity? Don’t pre-select on dust Maiolino, Bertoldi, Knudsen, Iono, Wagg… z >4

27.  Only direct probe of host galaxies of most distant quasars  11 in dust => M dust > 1e8 M o : Dust formation in SNe?  8 in CO => M gas > 1e10 M o : Fuel for star formation in galaxies  10 at 1.4 GHz continuum: radio loud AGN fraction ~ 8%  Radio – FIR SED => SFR ~ 1000 M o /yr  2 in [CII] => maximal star forming disk: 1000 M o yr -1 kpc -2 J1425+3254 CO at z = 5.9 Summary of cm/mm detections at z>5.7: 33 quasars J1048 z=6.23 PdBI, VLA

28. Building a giant elliptical galaxy + SMBH at t univ < 1Gyr  Multi-scale simulation isolating most massive halo in 3 Gpc^3  Stellar mass ~ 1e12 M o forms in series (7) of major, gas rich mergers from z~14, with SFR  1e3 M o /yr  SMBH of ~ 2e9 M o forms via Eddington-limited accretion + mergers  Evolves into giant elliptical galaxy in massive cluster (3e15 M o ) by z=0 6.5 10 Rapid enrichment of metals, dust in ISM (z > 8) Rare, extreme mass objects: ~ 100 SDSS z~6 QSOs on entire sky Integration times of hours to days to detect HyLIGRs Li, Hernquist et al.

29. Pushing to ‘normal galaxies’ during reionization, eg. z=5.7 Ly  galaxies in COSMOS NB850nmMurayama et al. 07  SUBARU: Ly      SFR  ~ 10 M o /yr  100 sources in 2 deg -2 in  z ~ 5.7 +/- 0.05 Stacking analysis (100 LAEs)  MAMBO: S 250 SFR<300  VLA: S 1.4 SFR<125 => Need order magnitude improvement in sensitivity at radio through submm wavelengths in order to study earliest generation of normal galaxies.

30. What is EVLA? First steps to the SKA-high By building on the existing infrastructure, multiply ten-fold the VLA’s observational capabilities, including:  10x continuum sensitivity (<1uJy)  full frequency coverage (1 to 50 GHz)  80x BW (8GHz)

31. 50 x 12m array Atacama Compact Array 12x7m + 4x12m TP What is ALMA? North American, European, Japanese, and Chilean collaboration to build & operate a large millimeter/submm array at high altitude site (5000m) in northern Chile -> order of magnitude, or more, improvement in all areas of (sub)mm astronomy, including resolution, sensitivity, and frequency coverage.

32. J1148 in 24hrs with ALMA  Detect multiple lines, molecules per band => detailed astrochemistry  Image dust and gas at sub-kpc resolution – gas dynamics, K-S  LAE, LBGs: detect dust, molecular, and FS lines in 1 to 3 hrs

33. Normal galaxies may not have high order lines excited, in particular for dense gas tracers like HCN, HCO+ (critical densities > 10 6 cm -3 ). EVLA crucial for low order transitions => total gas mass Dannerbauer et al. 2009 Not excited? reionization [CII] Key role for EVLA: total gas masses from low order CO 3-2 6-5 z=6

34. (sub)mm: high order molecular lines. fine structure lines -- ISM physics, dynamics cm telescopes: low order molecular transitions -- total gas mass, dense gas tracers Pushing to normal galaxies: spectral lines  FS lines will be workhorse lines in the study of the first galaxies with ALMA.  Study of molecular gas in first galaxies will be done primarily with cm telescopes Arp220 z=5

35. cm: Star formation, AGN (sub)mm Dust, FSL, mol. gas Near-IR: Stars, ionized gas, AGN Arp 220 vs z Pushing to normal galaxies: continuum A Panchromatic view of 1 st galaxy formation

36. EVLA Status Antenna retrofits now > 50% completed. Early science start in Q1 2010, using new correlator  proposal deadline Oct 1, 2009 for shared-risk obs  2GHz BW  20 to 50 GHz complete 8 GHz correlator ready in late 2010 Full receiver complement completed 2012.

37. AOS Technical Building Array operations center Antenna commissioning in progress Antennas, receivers, correlator in production: best submm receivers and antennas ever! Site construction well under way: Observation Support Facility, Array Operations Site, antenna pads North American ALMA Science Center (C’Ville): support early science Q4 2010, full ops Q4 2012

38. ESO END

39. Break-down of radio-FIR correlation: inverse Compton losses off CMB? IC losses off CMB dominate synchrotron in nuclear starbursts at z>4 IC losses dominate in normal galaxies at z>0.5 dE e /dt  U B, U 

41. [CII] 158um  Dominant ISM gas cooling line (Spitzer 1976)  Traces CNM and PDRs  z>4 => FS lines observed in (sub)mm bands

42. Comparison to low z quasar hosts IRAS selected PG quasars z=6 quasars Stacked mm non-detections Hao et al. 2005

43. Massive galaxies form most of their stars quickly, at high z ‘specific star formation rates’ = SFR/M * ‘Downsizing’ t H -1 ‘active star formation’ ‘red and dead’ Zheng+

44. GBT limits on CO in z>6 LAE Wagg + 2009 Even with strong lensing (4.5x) and optimistic α (0.8): M(H 2 ) still 2x MW gas masses