1. The 6 Kingdoms How are Evolutionary Relationships Determined?  Structural similarities  Breeding behavior  Geographical distribution  Biochemistry  Chromosome analysis Because these characteristics provide the clues about how species evolved, they also reveal the probable evolutionary relationships of species. How are Evolutionary Relationships Determined?  Structural similarities  Breeding behavior  Geographical distribution  Biochemistry  Chromosome analysis Because these characteristics provide the clues about how species evolved, they also reveal the probable evolutionary relationships of species.

2. Phylogenetic Classification: Models Species that share a common ancestor also share an evolutionary history. The evolutionary history of a species is its phylogeny. A classification system that shows the evolutionary history of species is a phylogenetic classification and reveals the evolutionary relationships of species. Types of models for phylogeny - 1. Cladistics - scientists use a model called a cladogram to show derived traits of organisms 2. Fanlike model - may reveal the time organisms became extinct or the relative number of species in a group. May incorporate fossil records. Species that share a common ancestor also share an evolutionary history. The evolutionary history of a species is its phylogeny. A classification system that shows the evolutionary history of species is a phylogenetic classification and reveals the evolutionary relationships of species. Types of models for phylogeny - 1. Cladistics - scientists use a model called a cladogram to show derived traits of organisms 2. Fanlike model - may reveal the time organisms became extinct or the relative number of species in a group. May incorporate fossil records.

3. The 6 Kingdoms Archeabacteria -prokaryotes, organisms that lack distinct nuclei bounded by a membrane, are microscopic and unicellular. -Live in extreme environments, most of which are oxygen free -Contain cell walls Archeabacteria -prokaryotes, organisms that lack distinct nuclei bounded by a membrane, are microscopic and unicellular. -Live in extreme environments, most of which are oxygen free -Contain cell walls

4. Eubacteria - Prokaryotes like the archaebacteria - more than 10,000 species - very strong cell walls - live in most habitats - most are harmless, and some are even helpful Eubacteria - Prokaryotes like the archaebacteria - more than 10,000 species - very strong cell walls - live in most habitats - most are harmless, and some are even helpful

5. Protists - Most diverse kingdom - “the junk drawer” kingdom - eukaryote that lacks complex organ systems and lives in moist environments - Fossils exist from two billion years ago - some are single celled, while others are multicellular - some are plantlike autotrophs, while others are animal-like heterotrophs, and others are fungus like heterotrophs - some contain cell walls Protists - Most diverse kingdom - “the junk drawer” kingdom - eukaryote that lacks complex organ systems and lives in moist environments - Fossils exist from two billion years ago - some are single celled, while others are multicellular - some are plantlike autotrophs, while others are animal-like heterotrophs, and others are fungus like heterotrophs - some contain cell walls

6. Fungi - Eukaryotic - either multicellular or unicellular that absorbs nutrients from organic matter - heterotrophs that do not move from place to place - first fossil records are about 400 million years old - there are more than 100,000 species of fungus - contain cell walls made of chitin Fungi - Eukaryotic - either multicellular or unicellular that absorbs nutrients from organic matter - heterotrophs that do not move from place to place - first fossil records are about 400 million years old - there are more than 100,000 species of fungus - contain cell walls made of chitin

7. Plants Plants - eukaryotes - multicellular - photosynthetic - cells contain chloroplasts and have cell walls made of cellulose - plants contain tissues, organs, and organ systems - the oldest plant fossils are over 400 million years old -there are more than 500,000 species of plants Plants Plants - eukaryotes - multicellular - photosynthetic - cells contain chloroplasts and have cell walls made of cellulose - plants contain tissues, organs, and organ systems - the oldest plant fossils are over 400 million years old -there are more than 500,000 species of plants

8. Animals Animals - eukaryotes - multicellular - heterotrophic - most can move from place to place - contain no cell walls - contain tissues, organs, and complex organ systems - first fossil record showed up 600 million years ago Animals Animals - eukaryotes - multicellular - heterotrophic - most can move from place to place - contain no cell walls - contain tissues, organs, and complex organ systems - first fossil record showed up 600 million years ago