1. Weathering

2. Quiz Complete the following for Diamond Mineral: Luster: Streak: Hardness: Group: Chemical Formula:

3. Figure 6.1

4. Earth’s external processes Weathering – the physical breakdown (disintegration) and chemical alteration (decomposition) of rock at Earth’s surface Mass wasting – the transfer of rock and soil downslope under the influence of gravity Erosion – the physical removal of material by mobile agents such as water, wind, ice, or gravity

5. Weathering Mechanical Weathering Breaking of rocks into smaller pieces Types of mechanical weathering Frost wedging Unloading Thermal expansion Biological activity

6. Figure 6.3

7. Frost wedging Figure 6.3

8. Weathering Chemical weathering Breaks down rock components and internal structures of minerals Most important agent is water Responsible for transport of ions and molecules involved in chemical processes

9. Weathering Major processes of chemical weathering Dissolution Aided by small amounts of acid in the water Oxidation Any reaction when electrons are lost from one element Hydrolysis The reaction of any substance with water Hydrogen ion attacks and replaces other ions

10. Most polluted river in the world Red Acid instead of water pH up to 2.5 !! Sulfuric Acid Rio Tinto River

11. Figure 6.4

12. Figure 6.5

13. Figure 6.6

14. Biological weathering is an important form of rock breakdown on rocky coasts. Many organisms, such as barnacles and limpets, secrete organic acids that help to dissolve the rock.

15. some lichens slowly decompose their substrate by chemically degrading and physically disrupting the minerals, contributing to the process of weathering by which rocks are gradually turned into soil.

16. Table 6.1

17. Weathering Alterations caused by chemical weathering Decomposition of unstable minerals Formation or retention of stable materials Physical changes such as the rounding of corners or edges

18. Rates of weathering Factors affecting weathering 1.Surface area 2.Rock characteristics Rocks containing calcite (marble and limestone) readily dissolve in weakly acidic solutions Silicate minerals weather in the same order as their order of crystallization

19. Weathering of common silicate minerals

20. Figure 6.2

21. Figure 6.9A

22. Figure 6.9B

24. Dissolution Conventional SEM; 30 kV 20  m

25. Rates of weathering 3.Climate Temperature and moisture characteristics Chemical weathering is most effective in areas of warm, moist climates 4.Differential weathering Rocks do not weather uniformly due to regional and local factors Results in many unusual and spectacular rock formations and landforms

26. Spheroidal weathering of extensively jointed rock Figure 6.12

27. Joint-controlled weathering Figure 6.12 D

29. Soil Soil = combination of mineral and organic mater, water, and air Rock and mineral fragments produced by weathering (regolith) that supports the growth of plants Humus (decayed animal and plant remains) is a small, but essential, component

30. Composition of a “good” soil

31. Soil Factors controlling soil formation Parent material Residual vs. transported soil Time Amount of time for soil formation varies for different soils depending on geologic and climatic conditions

32. Soil Climate Most influential control of soil formation Key factors are temperature and precipitation Plants and animals Influence the soil’s physical and chemical properties Topography Steep slopes often have poorly developed soils Optimum terrain is a flat-to-undulating upland surface

33. Variations in soil development

34. Idealized soil profile

35. Soil Soil erosion Part of the natural recycling of earth materials Natural rates of soil erosion depend on Soil characteristics Climate Slope Type of vegetation

36. General Cross Section of Gaza Aquifer calcareous sandstone, unconsolidated sands Eocene chalks and limestone Clay marls, marine shales, and claystones