1. Experimental achievements and outlook (only a few examples to illustrate the achievements and to paint the “road map” for the future) Extreme proton-to-neutron ratios Isospin as a degree of freedom (along N=Z) The heaviest nuclei High-spins and exotic excitations Giant resonances in cold- and hot nuclei Developments in instrumentation and facilities Isotope Separator On-Line: In-Flight Separator:

2. rp-process F. Hertfurth, ISOLTRAP, Hirschegg 2002 Super-allowed Fermi  -decay 74 Rb (T 1/2 =65 ms) Extreme proton-to-neutron ratios: masses ISOLDE  m = 4.5 keV (  m/m = 6 10 -8 ) QT 1/2 R RR  C uncertainty budget  R = 0.5%

3. Ch. Scheidenberger, GSI, Hirschegg 2002 238 U fission mapping the mass surface high-precision mass measurements on short- lived isotopes nuclear structure, astrophysical scenarios, fundamental interactions g.s. and i.s. properties (cfr. laser spectroscopy, e - -RIB intersecting storage rings) also at Mistral, SPEG (GANIL),...

4. 0.0 1.0 2.0 3.0 E (MeV) oblate prolate ? Z = 82 N = 126 N = 104 (midshell) 188Po 189Po 191Po 186 Pb Triple shape coexistence at low excitation energy Extreme proton-to-neutron ratios: shapes, symmetries and low-lying excitations spherical Hartree-Fock + BCS (Skyrme SLy6 interaction + density dependent zero-range pairing force) (M. Bender, P.H. Heenen) decay and in-beam studies

5. 52 Cr (255 MeV) + 142 Nd  190 Po + 4n  - RP -   T(RP -  ) < 10ms E  190 Po decay 190 Po Energy / keV 6200 6400 6600 6800 7000 7200 7400 7600 10 10 2 10 3 10 4 190 Bi 191g Bi 191 Bi 190 Po 188 Bi 191 Po 192 Po Counts  190 Po Extreme proton-to-neutron ratios: shapes, symmetries and low-lying excitations   160 nbarn !! Recoil Decay Tagging (RDT) RITU - JYFL PSSD Q D Q Q beam target  -detectors Recoil Decay Tagging

6. Extreme proton-to-neutron ratios: shapes, symmetries and low-lying excitations First results from SPIRAL and REX-ISOLDE E (keV) Neutron pick-up of 30 Mg (T 1/2 =0.3 s) 30 Mg + 2 H  31 Mg + 1 H 10.000 atoms/sec 2.23 MeV/u 31 Mg 16 N (from beam contamination) REX-ISOLDE - CERN + MINIBALL array 76 Kr + 48 Ti 500.000 atoms/sec 2.6 - 4.4 MeV/u Coulomb excitation of 76 Kr (T 1/2 =14.6 h) SPIRAL - GANIL + EXOGAM array decay- and RTD studies of exotic nuclei Coulomb excitation and one- or two particle transfer reactions with energetic radioactive beams (e.g. around 132 Sn and 100 Sn - 78 Ni, light Pb nuclei)

7. 2 8 8 2 20 24 O 31 F Z N Position of the neutron drip line: one extra proton added to the closed Z=8 shell binds 6 extra neutrons! two-neutron halo one-neutron halo one-proton halo four-neutron halo 3 He 4 He 5 He 6 He 7 He 8 He 9 He 10 He 2H2H 1H1H 3H3H 1n1n N=8 N=2 Z=2 complete kinematics: 6 He, 11 Li p-elastic scattering @ relativistic energies... in-beam gamma spectroscopy Extreme proton-to-neutron ratios: unbound systems and the lightest nuclei

8. thick target wedge 36 S Gamma-ray detectors SPEG spectrometer SISSI target -high intensity beam ( 36 S at 77.5 MeV/A, I  500pnA) -thick target 216 mg/cm 2 of C and H -low counting rate in gamma-ray detectors 24 F, 25,26 Ne, 27,28 Na, 29,30 Mg M. Lewitowicz Hirschegg 2002 In-beam gamma-ray spectroscopy 20 C S n =3.34(23) MeV Counts E  (keV) 4681012141618 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 C O N 24 O 20 C Energy 2 + (keV) closed shell 2 + -0 + Extreme proton-to-neutron ratios: unbound systems and the lightest nuclei

9. Two-proton decay of 45 Fe study of neutron skin nuclei, halo nuclei confirmation of two-proton decay, correlations, map the proton drip line clustering phenomena in unstable nuclei increased intensity and beam purity of the second generation facilities is needed Extreme proton-to-neutron ratios: unbound systems and the lightest nuclei 22 events Q 2p =1.14 MeV T 1/2 =3.8 ms GANIL GSI

10. isospin symmetry and mirror pairs (extended to heavier masses along the N=Z line): changes in collectivity: strong overlap between  and  wave function along the N=Z line proton-neutron pairing: T=1 versus T=0 quenching of  pairing field in neighboring N  Z nuclei? direct reactions with RIB high-intensity stable beams and instrumentation (cfr. AGATA) Isospin as a degree of freedom LNL - Legnaro Gammashpere

11. 1996 2000 2001 confirmation element Z=112 (GSI) chemistry Hs (Z=108) (GSI) new results from Dubna tentatively assigned to Z=114, 116, 118 gamma- and electron spectroscopy around 245 No (e.g. RITU-JYFL) electron spectrum from 245 No (Z=102) n-rich RIB on n-rich targets: reach region where decay chain from Z=114, 116,... ends exploration of the structure of the trans-uranium nuclei high intensity stable beams, new spectrometers and detectors The heaviest elements

12. 143 Eu SD ND SD ND 143 Eu The highest spin and exotic excitations Euroball (Legnaro and Strasbourg) Gammasphere giant dipole resonances on super deformed states “wobbling mode”: breaking of axial symmetry magnetic rotation spontaneous chiral symmetry breaking Rising at GSI search for hyperdeformed states need for intense stable beams gamma-ray tracking (cfr. AGATA)

13. Giant resonances in cold- and hot nuclei real photons 16 O 20 O 22 O virtual photons from 500-600 MeV/u 20,22 O on Pb study the bulk properties of  asymmetry in nuclear matter (exotic nuclei): e.g. -skin thickness high-quality data with (d, 2 He), ( 3 He,t),... combined with large scale shell model calculations elastic- and inelastic electron scattering, scattering on light nuclei and transfer reactions using RIB (intersecting storage rings) Strength, centroid energy and width: governed by macroscopic nuclear properties (isoscalar - isovector modes) Microscopically: coherent 1p-1h excitations / properties depend on the isoscalar and isospin dependence of the effective n-n interaction Photo-neutron cross sections for 16, 20, 22 O  xn  strongly fragmented/extended to low energy impact on astrophysical scenarios GSI Neutron-skin thickness can be deduced from Giant resonances (so far stable isotopes only) Large proton-neutron asymmetry (exotic nuclei) can lead to “soft” collective resonances

14. Instrumentation and facilities ISOL and IF are complementary Experimental aim of the second generation facilities  figure of merit for the study of exotic nuclei x > 1000 Technological challenge  increase the global selectivity and sensitivity  increase the secondary beam intensity accelerator developments target and ion source developments detector developments (e.g. AGATA,...) target-ion source developments (e.g. laser ionisation,...) spectrometer developments beam energy (MeV/u)0 - 25 up to 100 50 - 1000 down to 5 beam quality (emittance)++/- intensity (isotope dependent!) 132 Sn 78 Ni short-lived nuclei+/-+ (down to  s)

15. Instrumentation and facilities ISOLDE - CERN GSI-Darmstadt JYFL-Jyväskylä GANIL-Caen CRC-Louvain-la-Neuve KVI-Groningen LNL-Legnaro TSL-Uppsala FZJ-Jülich ECT*-Trento Oak-Ridge, MSU, Triumf and RIA (North-America) GSI European Separator On-Line Radioactive Nuclear Beam Facility RIKEN (Japan) Radioactive Beam Factory

16. The last 5 years have witnessed important advances in technical developments and in the understanding of the atomic nucleus. Key issues, that should be addressed, have been identified. Stable-beam experiments have been the driving force for many decades of nuclear-structure research. This limit of some 300 different beams will be overcome by the second generation radioactive beam facilities and a major part of the chart of nuclei will be available for tailored experiments. Exotic nuclei are indeed a very selective probe (N/Z variation, neutron skins, coupling to the continuum,...) and the planned developments will bring new, accurate and unique information. Conclusion and recommendations  Vigorous exploitation of the existing accelerators and instrumentation (including upgrades) physics results R&D for beam production and detector systems experimental capabilities for the coming 5 to 10 years  Full support for the new GSI accelerator complex and for the EURISOL project ISOL and IF facilities are both needed (complementary aspects) the new GSI accelerator complex: full support and start construction EURISOL: next 5 years full conceptual design should be made and site determined, start construction at the end of this period multi-users aspect should be incorporated  Very strong support for rebuilding nuclear-structure and nuclear-reaction theory efforts provisions for new theoretical groups and expansion of existing groups support for ECT* maintained and expanded  Communicate the highlights to society