1. PUBLIC SPEAKING Using Language Copyright 2012 1

2. Q:Crusade or Jihad? 1. Holy war undertaken as a sacred duty. 2. Any vigorous, emotional movement for an idea or principle. 3. Any vigorous, aggressive movement for the defense or advancement of an idea, cause, etc. 4. War carried on under religious sanction. (dictionary.com) Copyright 20122

3. A:Crusade or Jihad 1. Holy war undertaken as a sacred duty [...] J 2. Any vigorous, emotional [movement] for an idea or principle. J 3. Any vigorous, aggressive movement for the defense or advancement of an idea, cause, etc. C 4. […]War carried on under [religious] sanction. C Copyright 20123

4. Denotative Meaning Literal or dictionary meaning of word or phrase Copyright 20124

5. Connotative Meaning Meaning suggested by associations or emotions triggered by word or phrase Copyright 20125

6. Language Use Guidelines Use language clearly and accurately Use language vividly Use language appropriately Copyright 20126

7. Use Language Clearly and Accurately Abstract Words Refer to general concepts, qualities, or attributes – The big vehicle started moving with a lot of noise and smoke. Copyright 20127

8. Use Language Clearly and Accurately Concrete Words Refer to tangible objects – The space shuttle Atlantis launched. Copyright 20128

9. Use Language Clearly and Accurately Abstract vs. Concrete Physical activity Sports Golf Professional golf Tiger Woods Copyright 20129 Abstract Concrete

10. Use Language Vividly Creating Imagery Creates mental images of objects, actions, ideas – “He dove for the ball” describes this: Copyright 201210

11. Use Language Vividly Creating Imagery “It was the final point in the ‘Breast Cancer Awareness Beach Volleyball Tournament’. Wearing his bright pink hat, and with his teammate looking on in dread, he fully extended himself for the ball as it plummeted towards the sand. His dive saved the point and won the match.” describes this: Copyright 201211

12. Use Language Vividly Creating Imagery Copyright 201212

13. Use Language Vividly Creating Imagery Copyright 201213

14. Use Language Vividly Simile Comparison (explicit) Introduced with “like” or “as” Copyright 201214

15. Use Language Vividly Simile “Air pollution is eating away at the monuments in Washington, D.C., like a giant Alka-Seltzer tablet.” Copyright 201215

16. Use Language Vividly Metaphor Comparison (implicit) Not introduced with “like” or “as” Copyright 201216

17. Use Language Vividly Metaphor “America’s cities are the windows through which the world looks at American society.” Copyright 201217

18. Use Language Vividly Rhythm Pattern of sound created by your choice and/or arrangement of words Copyright 201218

19. Use Language Vividly Exploiting Rhythm of Language Copyright 201219

20. Use Language Vividly Parallelism Similar arrangement of pair or series of related words, phrases, sentences Copyright 201220

21. Use Language Vividly Parallelism “Rich and poor, intelligent and ignorant, wise and foolish, virtuous and vicious, man and woman—it is ever the same, each soul must depend wholly on itself.” Copyright 201221

22. Use Language Vividly Repetition Reiterating same word or set of words at beginning or end of successive clauses, sentences Copyright 201222

23. Use Language Vividly Repetition “If not now, when? If not us, who? If not together, how?” Copyright 201223

24. Use Language Vividly Alliteration Repeating initial consonant in close or adjoining words Copyright 201224

25. Use Language Vividly Alliteration “Our colleges, our communities, our country should challenge hatred wherever we find it.” Copyright 201225

26. Use Language Vividly Antithesis Juxtaposition of contrasting ideas, usually in parallel structure Copyright 201226

27. Use Language Vividly Antithesis “Ask not what your country can do for you; ask what you can do for your country.” Copyright 201227

28. Using Language Appropriately Copyright 201228 For the: – Occasion – Audience – Topic – Speaker

29. Using Language Appropriately Inclusive Language Does not stereotype, demean on basis of gender, race, religion, disability, sexual orientation, etc. Copyright 201229

30. Using Language Appropriately Inclusive Language Avoid generic “he” Avoid use of “man” when referring to both men & women Avoid stereotyping jobs, social roles by gender Use names groups use to identify themselves Copyright 201230

31. Using Language Appropriately Avoid the Generic “He” Inappropriate: – Whenever a surgeon walks into the operating room, he risks being sued for malpractice. Copyright 201231

32. Using Language Appropriately Avoid the Generic “He” More appropriate: – Whenever a surgeon walks into the operating room, she or he risks being sued for malpractice. – Whenever surgeons walk into the operating room, they risk being sued for malpractice. Copyright 201232

33. Using Language Appropriately Avoid Generic “Man” Inappropriate: – If a large comet struck the earth, it could destroy all of mankind. More appropriate: – If a large comet struck the earth, it could destroy all human life. – If a large comet struck the earth, it could destroy all life. Copyright 201233

34. Using Language Appropriately Avoid Stereotyping Inappropriate – Being a small businessman in the current economic climate is not easy. More appropriate – Being a small business person in the current economic climate is not easy. – Owning a small business in the current economic climate is not easy. Copyright 201234

35. Using Language Appropriately Use Group Self-Identifiers Inappropriate – The Paralympics show what handicapped people can accomplish in the athletic arena. More appropriate – The Paralympics show what people with disabilities can accomplish in the athletic arena. – The Paralympics show what the differently abled can accomplish in the athletic arena. Copyright 201235