1. © David Last Loodswezen Congress of Dutch Pilots 1 September 2008 Satellite Navigation Systems – The Present Imperfect Professor David Last Picture: earthobservatory.nasa. gov//ewsroom/BlueMarble/

2. © David Last USCGA Myst – First Enhanced Loran live demonstration, 2007 Groton CT Johnson, Swazek, Hartnett & Nichols, Navigating harbors at high accuracy without GPS – eLoran in the United States. ENC2007, paper 1049

3. © David Last Picture: www.flickr.com/photos/guyburns/1878598347www.flickr.com/photos/guyburns/1878598347 www.skyscrapercity.com/showthread.php?t=383984&page=3/

4. © David Last Pictures: www.cargolaw.com/2003nightmare_tricolor.html, news.scotsman.com/topics.cfm?tid=703&id=2382003, www.cedre.fr/uk/spill/tricolor/tricolor.htm, news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/2620957.stmwww.cargolaw.com/2003nightmare_tricolor.html www.cedre.fr/uk/spill/tricolor/tricolor.htm

5. © David Last Picture: Wikipedia eNavigation Single display Data linked to shore Clear, up-to-the minute Charts and incidents But GPS alone?

6. © David Last GPS is perfect … isnt it?

7. Copyright: Dan Brown 2003 © David Last Captain Fache plants a battery-sized GPS dot in Langdons pocket to track his location, wherever he is, accurate to 2 feet. Its tiny! Its amazingly accurate! It works indoors!

8. © David Last What could possibly go wrong? Satellite and control system failures Solar flares Unintentional interference Intentional jamming Spoofing (and meaconing) Well, for a start, lets think about …

9. © David Last Satellite and Control System Failures Official announcement: "A significant GPS anomaly occurred on 1 Jan 04, beginning at approximately 1833Z... (which) … affected precise timing and navigation users over large portions of Europe, Africa, Asia, Australia, and … North America … and resulted in the transmission of Hazardously Misleading Information." Sources: Vogel, Macabiau & Suard, Effect of a GPS Anomaly on Different GNSS Receivers, ION GNSS 2005, Long Beach, CA, Sep 13-16, 2005, Hoppe & Walterfang, Investigation of a GPS Satellite Problem with respect to DGPS and GPS users, European Journal of Navigation, May 2004, www.lr.tudelft.nl/live/pagina.jsp?id=400f4487-ed8c-4274-95cb-ebc2afa7385e&lang=en SVN23 clock failure

10. © David Last Picture: Ashtech, Inc. Picture: Kelvin Hughes Ltd.

11. Picture: europa.eu.int/comm/dgs/energy_transport/galileo/intro/index_en.htm

12. © David Last Picture: Professor Durk van Willigen GPS satellite radiates 100W From 20,000km range Illuminates 38% of Earth eg Europe + Africa + Atlantic

13. © David Last Solar flares

14. Threat of unintentional interference and jamming Risks can be reduced but not eliminated Consequences severe for safety, economic damage Tempting target for those hostile to the US Can be spoofed to give misleading information Need backup system in critical applications

15. Source: Clynch et al, Multiple GPS RFI Sources in a Small California Harbor, ION GPS02, Portland OR.

16. Dice is 1mW GPS jammer

17. Pictures: www.redferret.net/?p=7864

18. Observer, London, 29 Jan 2003 www.rin.org.uk http://www.kenneke.com/plans.html#

19. © David Last Jamming Notice to Airmen (NOTAM): AC 5555 07 JUL 1100-1400 30000ft (A1063/02pt) 08 JUL 0715-1015 30000ft (A1063/02pt) GPS Jamming Activity 5555N 00550W rad 320nm.

20. © David Last Picture: www.flickr.com/photos/l23productions/1451697290/

21. © David Last Picture: http://www.royalnavy.mod.uk/server/show/nav.2014 Ready to lose GPS!

22. © David Last Spoofing US Government Volpe Report, on Spoofing: Cause a … GPS receiver to lock onto legitimate-appearing false signals. Spoofing … will inject hazardously misleading information. (And, if not) … will …create significant … errors, and jam large areas … A spoofer also can defeat nearly all anti-jamming equipment. And then theres … Meaconing: receive, delay, and rebroadcast signals to confuse a user.

23. Picture: /www.imdb.com/title/tt0120347, www.naval-technology.com/projects/t23/ British ship is sunk by Chinese in international waters. Clue is fake GPS signal controlled by techno-terrorist. Bond discovers GPS device - and wins the girl! © David Last

24. Spoofing Spoofing is an integrity problem. Civil receivers are bad at detecting spoofing. Detection needs another system, clever integration. Terrestrial back-up is the best defence.

25. © David Last Pictures: Mitchell Narins, Federal Aviation Administration; Reelektronika bv Enhanced Loran (eLoran) On earth, high-powered Different from GPS! Digital 10m accuracy, precise time

26. © David Last

27. Picture: Mitchell Narins, US Federal Aviation Administration

28. © David Last Loodswezen Congress of Dutch Pilots 1 September 2008 Satellite Navigation Systems – The Present Imperfect Professor David Last Picture: earthobservatory.nasa. gov//ewsroom/BlueMarble/