1. © 2008, Renesas Technology America, Inc., All Rights Reserved 1 Course Introduction  Purpose  This Part-B course discusses design techniques that are used to reduce noise problems in large-scale integration (LSI) devices.  Objectives  Learn approaches and design methods for minimizing electromagnetic interference emitted by LSI devices.  Gain insight into how Renesas applies these techniques for handling noise problems in its microcomputer products.  Content  26 pages  Learning Time  30 minutes

2. © 2008, Renesas Technology America, Inc., All Rights Reserved 2 Reducing EMI  EMI reduction is a goal shared by the semiconductor experts who design LSI devices and by the system engineers who apply those devices.  Process encompasses techniques for reducing the electromagnetic interference emitted by a specific system, circuit or device that causes other devices/circuits to operate incorrectly.

3. © 2008, Renesas Technology America, Inc., All Rights Reserved 3 EMC Electromagnetic Compatibility EMIElectromagnetic Interference EMSElectromagnetic Susceptibility SSCGSpread-Spectrum Clock Generator WDT Watchdog Timer PLL Phase Locked Loop I/O Input/Output Port Core A microcontroller chip is composed of a core, I/O ports, and power supply circuitry. The core consists of the CPU, ROM, RAM, and blocks implementing timers, communication, and analog functions. Power supply Two power supplies are applied to the LSI: Vcc and Vss. The core power supply internal to the LSI is V CL (internal step-down). The Vss-based power supply routed through the LSI is V SL. Driver buffer Output circuit transistors as well as output circuits for driving signals with large load capacitance and I/O port output transistors. Clock/bus driver, signals between blocks, etc. OSC CPG Clock Pulse Generator Oscillator POR/LVDPower-On Reset/Low-Voltage Detect functions Harness Cables (wires) connecting a board and power supply or connecting one unit in a system to another. Explanation of Terms

4. © 2008, Renesas Technology America, Inc., All Rights Reserved 4 Desired output waveform Clipped waveform produces EMI "H" External components RfRf Vcc Vss Vcc Vss Oscillator Circuit Design  For minimum EMI, oscillator’s output should be a sine wave  Excessive gain in the oscillator circuit’s inverting amplifier can cause clipping.  The EMI that results contaminates power supply lines and other circuits

5. © 2008, Renesas Technology America, Inc., All Rights Reserved 5  EMI can be reduced by adjusting the drive-capacity (gain) of the oscillator’s amplifier circuit  Manual adjustment is via an external resistor, RD  Automatic or software-controlled capacity-switching uses logic- controlled circuits to implement high and low drive VSS XinXout RDRD Ø Rf LSI device "H” High drive capacity High gain “L” Low drive capacity Low gain Adjusting Gain of Oscillator

6. © 2008, Renesas Technology America, Inc., All Rights Reserved 6 fo = N x f s fsfo PLL Circuit Phase-locked Loop Circuit  PLL allows frequency of oscillator circuit to be lowered (decreased by a factor of 1/N), thereby reducing higher frequency harmonics and EMI  Circuit can be built with jitter function to disperse high-frequency noise, thereby decreasing overall noise level

7. © 2008, Renesas Technology America, Inc., All Rights Reserved 7 OCO System clock Supplied to cores and functions I/O Primary oscillator (+ PLL) CPG Oscillation stop detect (OSD) feature provides automatic switching for fail-safe operation Pads On-chip oscillator circuit On-chip Oscillator Circuit  OCO = Built-in alternative, high-performance oscillator circuit  Provides backup for primary crystal- controlled oscillator circuit  Protects application against failure due to loss of system clock  Allows system operation to continue or lets application shut down safely

8. © 2008, Renesas Technology America, Inc., All Rights Reserved 8 Noise emissions data Gain (dB) -0.5% With SSCG Without SSCG -7 to -10 dB f0f0 Freq Spread-spectrum Clock Generator  SSCG is an ideal solution for high-speed products  Is combined with the PLL circuit in LSI devices  Produces modulated waveform with wider spectrum  Reduces noise emissions  Is a very useful noise reduction technique for devices that can withstand variations in clock frequency

9. © 2008, Renesas Technology America, Inc., All Rights Reserved 9 I/O CPG Oscillator (+ PLL) System clock To cores and functions Clock and Bus Driver Capacity  Capacity should be matched to the operating frequency and signal load of the lines being driven  Excess capacity wastes power and generates unnecessarily high levels of EMI  Inadequate capacity causes performance degradation  Design challenge is to optimize clock and bus lines and their drive circuits

10. © 2008, Renesas Technology America, Inc., All Rights Reserved 10 Clock line Bus line CPG ROM RAM CPU TIMERS COMMUNICATION Clock and Bus Signal Lines  Signal lines with high frequencies and high drive levels should be kept as short as possible

11. © 2008, Renesas Technology America, Inc., All Rights Reserved 11 Some transistors are drawn physically large here to indicate a large current capacity. In reality, this may not be the case Typical On-chip Module Transistors in Logic Circuits  Transistors should be carefully selected so that size (current capacity) is as small as it can be, considering the design function, to minimize chip area, power, and EMI  Can be selected from a large library of different sizes

12. © 2008, Renesas Technology America, Inc., All Rights Reserved 12 ~100Ω to 150Ω ~ Vcc GND ~50Ω ~ ~100Ω ~ Impedance Mismatch Vcc GND   ~100Ω ~ ~ Impedance Match Vcc GND  ~50Ω ~ ~100Ω ~ If required, an external series resistor, (R = 50Ω to 1kΩ) can be used to stabilize the output R1 I/O-port Transistors  Transistors should match characteristic impedance of circuit-board wiring  (~100 to 150  when parts are mounted)  Mismatches cause ringing at port, producing EMI

13. © 2008, Renesas Technology America, Inc., All Rights Reserved 13 2. Using slew-rate control to limit shoot-through current V t NMOS turns on after PMOS turns off V 1. Staggering timing of I/O port lines t V t t V V P00 P01 P07 Delay ckt Port triggered Delay ckt I/O-port Rush Current Reduction  Rush current can be reduced in various ways

14. © 2008, Renesas Technology America, Inc., All Rights Reserved 14 3. Connecting multiple transistors in parallel to I/O terminal output buffers and turning them on in stages Vdd Vss 123 1 + 12 + 12 + 3 t1t1 t2t2 t3t3 4. Using feedback capacitors in the I/O buffers to broaden the output waveform Feedback capacitors Vss Vdd I/O-port Rush Current Reduction  Rush current can be reduced in various ways

15. © 2008, Renesas Technology America, Inc., All Rights Reserved 15 Clock driver circuit Pooled charge Vdd Vss CLK C1 Bus driver circuit Pooled charge Vdd Vss BUS Put capacitors near bus-driver transistors C2 Rush Current Reduction in Core  Rush current in core can be reduced by using capacitors to store a signal’s excess charge over a period of time  Examples: Clock driver circuit, bus driver circuit

16. © 2008, Renesas Technology America, Inc., All Rights Reserved 16 Flash ROM memory array Step- up circuit Vcc Vss Vpp C Current-limit circuit Rush Current Reduction in Core  Rush current can be decreased in core by implementing in the step-up circuit a circuit that limits the current that charges the large storage capacitor  Example: Flash ROM

17. © 2008, Renesas Technology America, Inc., All Rights Reserved 17 Step-down circuit Vcc Vss Vcl Vsl or Vss 5V I/O A/D, D/A ROM RAM CPU Peripheral modules Vdd C1 Rush Current Reduction in Core  Another way to reduce rush current in the core is sequence the activation of the various power supplies that drive the core circuits

18. © 2008, Renesas Technology America, Inc., All Rights Reserved 18 Indicates module-stop signal ROM CLOCKRAM TIMER-1SCI TIMER-2IIC TIMER-3CAN I/O BUS System controller CPU Module-stop Function  The Module-stop function disconnects the supply voltage to a module not being used  This saves power and eliminates the noise the module produces

19. © 2008, Renesas Technology America, Inc., All Rights Reserved 19 Indicates main clock signal Clock to module Module-stop signal Clock signal inside module I/O ROM CLOCKRAM TIMER-1SCI TIMER-2IIC TIMER-3CAN BUS CPU Clock-signal Control  EMI is reduced when the clock distributed within the module is turned off when it isn’t needed

20. © 2008, Renesas Technology America, Inc., All Rights Reserved 20 I/O Oscillator circuit System clock line Clock line for  CPG  -pin Output Control  The  clock is turned off in Single-chip mode and also when it isn’t required for clock synchronization in Extended mode  Can be implemented using a switch at the output driver  Performs best when the  clock control is configured at the source

21. © 2008, Renesas Technology America, Inc., All Rights Reserved 21  The  clock is turned off in Single-chip mode and also when it isn’t required for clock synchronization in Extended mode  Can be implemented using a switch at the output driver  Performs best when the  clock control is configured at the source Clock line for  remains active Traditional design (not recommended) I/O Oscillator circuit System clock line CPG Traditional Method

22. © 2008, Renesas Technology America, Inc., All Rights Reserved 22 Improved design Clock line to  driver is disconnected I/O Oscillator circuit System clock line CPG Innovative Method  The  clock is turned off in Single-chip mode and also when it isn’t required for clock synchronization in Extended mode  Can be implemented  using a switch at the  output driver  Performs best when  the  clock control is  configured at the source

23. © 2008, Renesas Technology America, Inc., All Rights Reserved 23 I/O CPUROM RAM TIMER-1SCI IIC CAN BUS TIMER-2 40MHz Divide by 2 Switch SYSTEM CLOCK Osc. ckt. High-speed on-chip oscillator (40MHz) 20MHz40MHz 20MHz Independent High-speed Clock  The built-in high-speed clock is generated by an on-chip oscillator and supplied only to peripherals that require it  Can be used as a backup for the main system clock

24. © 2008, Renesas Technology America, Inc., All Rights Reserved 24 I/O 20MHz10MHz CPUROM RAM TIMER-1 SCI IIC CAN BUS SYSTEM CLOCK TIMER-2 TIMER-3 10MHz PSC Osc. Ckt. Low-speed Clock  Some Renesas LSI devices have a low-speed clock that is software switched and supplied to the peripheral modules that can operate at lower frequencies 20MHz

25. © 2008, Renesas Technology America, Inc., All Rights Reserved 25 Estimating EMI Noise Levels  Can be performed by making simplifying assumptions about the chip, then performing SPICE simulation

26. © 2008, Renesas Technology America, Inc., All Rights Reserved 26 Course Summary For more information on specific devices and related support products and material, please visit our Web site: http://america.renesas.com  Techniques for reducing EMI in oscillator circuits  Ways to optimize the capacity of clock and bus drivers and clock and bus lines  Methods for reducing rush current  Ways to slow down a device’s overall operating rate  Technology for estimating noise levels