1. © David Last Position, Navigation & Time - 4 th Annual Symposium Stanford University 9 November 2010 Crime, Punishment and the Global Positioning System Professor David Last

2. © David Last TomTom Car Navigator GPS receiver + Computer Picture: www.tomtom.com

3. © David Last Plot of addresses extracted from TomTom car navigator

4. © David Last Multiple timed and dated tracks

5. © David Last List of addresses extracted from TomTom car navigator

6. © David Last

7. Garmin eTrex hand-held GPS Picture: www.garmin.com

8. Pictures: dreamstime.com, findarticles.com, masternaut.co.uk, www.wire3-t.co.uk

9. © David Last Vehicle tracking system

10. © David Last Vehicle tracking system Checks to establish quality of evidence

11. © David Last Picture: http://www.tdl.ltd.uk In high-quality tracking data, a moving vehicles fixes lie close to roads and are even biased to the left-hand carriageway.

12. © David Last Could this fix be 130 metres away?

13. © David Last How accurate is this GPS, then? Open site Open site Urban canyons Car roof Beneath car Car roof Max. error: 3.1m Max. error: 5.0m Max. error: 300m 95%-ile: 2.0m 95%-ile: 4.2m

14. © David Last

15. GPS and GSM Jammer Picture: http://www.tayx.co.uk

16. © David Last Picture: Professor Durk van Willigen GPS satellite radiates 100W From 20,000km range Illuminates 38% of Earth eg Europe + Africa + Atlantic

17. © David Last High-powered GPS and Mobile Phone Jammer Picture: http://www.gpsjammers.net/gmw08.html

18. © David Last Pictures: www.jammer-store.com/gj5-gps-l1-l2-l5-jammer-blocker.html

19. © David Last Pictures: www.schneier.com GPS Spoofing … Jon used a desktop computer attached to a GPS satellite simulator to create a fake GPS signal … During later experiments, Jon … spoofed GPS signals at ranges over three quarters of a mile … at Los Alamos.

20. © David Last Pictures: http://www.labsat.co.uk

21. Picture: /www.imdb.com/title/tt0120347, www.naval-technology.com/projects/t23/ British ship is sunk by Chinese in international waters. Clue is fake GPS signal controlled by techno-terrorist. Bond discovers GPS device - and wins the girl! © David Last

22. Options to mitigate jamming and spoofing Picture: http://www.tayx.co.uk Detect and enforce Lojack Cellular asset recovery Dead-reckoning Enhanced Loran

23. © David Last Pictures: Mitchell Narins, Federal Aviation Administration; Reelektronika bv Enhanced Loran (eLoran) On earth, high-powered Different from GPS but a plug-in replacement FAAs GPS complement for aviation + maritime + timing Loran-C plus digital technology

24. © David Last So … where are we headed? GPS evidence vital in vehicle crime Forensic use of GPS growing rapidly Evidence being tested in court GPS-based systems now under attack