1. Common Disasters and Uncommon Responses Shamima Khan

2. Common Disasters and Uncommon Responses Shamima Khan February 24, 2011 Knowledge Series – Emerging Indonesia MC 9-401

3. Key Messages 1.Indonesia remains vulnerable to disasters with high risks and high costs - prevention is increasingly important 2.Indonesia has developed successful responses – a result of government leadership and broad partnerships 3.There are many lessons learned from the Indonesia experience – effective models can be replicated globally, and challenges remain

4. 1. Indonesia remains vulnerable to disasters with high risks and high costs – prevention is increasingly important

5. Indonesia’s Disaster Context Indonesia’s Earthquake Risk Indonesia’s Tsunami Risk Indonesia’s Flood Risk Indonesia’s Landslide Risk

6. For all of Indonesia, exposure to disasters is high Probability/Risk:varies significantly Climate change: increases risks Exposure: high Preparedness: reduces vulnerability, reduces losses

7. 2000-08, 20% of total humanitarian aid spent on disaster relief; prevention support increased from 0.1% to 0.8% Costs and Financing Small disasters also contribute to huge costs Aceh Tsunamii US$ 4.45 bn Yogyakarta earthquake US$ 3.13 bn

8. Damage and Losses of Disasters Divine intervention? Human intervention… Quality of Construction (Prevention reduces losses)

9. Focused Interventions Can Reduce Vulnerability: Schools Legend: : Very High : High : Moderate : Low : Very Low - 5,000 10,000 15,000 20,000 25,000 30,000 Jakarta W. Java C. Java Yogyakarta E. Java Aceh N. Sumatra W. Sumatra Riau Jambi S. Sumatra Lampung W. Kalimantan C. Kalimantan S. Kalimantan E. Kalimantan N. Sulawesi C. Sulawesi S. Sulawesi SE. Sulawesi Maluku Bali W. Nusa Tenggara E. Nusa Tenggara Papua Bengkulu N. Maluku Banten Bangka Belitung Gorontalo Kepulauan Riau W. Papua W. Sulawesi Senior High Junior High Elementary Schools- Earthquake Risk Index

10. 2. Indonesia has developed successful responses – a result of government leadership and broad partnerships

11. 10/16/08

12. MDTFs for Reconstruction and Rehabilitation 10/16/08 The Multi Donor Fund for Aceh and Nias (MDF):  Established April 2005; 15 Donors; US$678 million  Support post-tsunami rehab/recon. of Aceh and Nias  Open menu approach, six focus areas The Java Reconstruction Fund (JRF):  Established 2006; 7 Donors; US$ 94 million  Support post-earthquake rehab/recon. of Central Java/Yogyakarta and tsunami affected West Java  Providing Housing and Livelihoods recovery

13. MDF Focus Areas of Support Recovery of Communities (Rekompak) Large Infra. & Transport (IRFF) Governance and Capacity Blding (ILO Roads) Economic Devt. And Livelihood (EDFF) Sustaining the Environment (AFEP) Enhancing Recovery Process (DRR-A)

14. JRF Focus Areas of Support Recovery of Livelihoods (IOM) Recovery of Communities (CSRRP/Rekompak)

15. Innovations in Design and Structure Government Institutional structures matched to nature of reconstruction needs Agenda and priority setting MDF-JRF Inclusive Governance Structure Forum for policy dialog and coordination Flexible Funding – gap filling Range of Partner and Implementing Agencies Builds on Existing Mechanisms and Programs  Govt. leads, partners support  Gap filling, in key phases

16. 3. … many lessons learned from Indonesia – effective models can be replicated globally, but challenges remain

17. Replication: Models and Lessons Learned Models:  Community Based Housing – ownership, transparency, cost-effectiveness  Mainstreaming DRR – Existing WB-Govt partnerships a key asset (e.g. in Indonesia PNPM, BOSKITA, DAK)  Aceh – linkages of recon, post-conflict programming and broader devt. South-South Exchanges: Indonesia emerging as regional resource on post-disaster recovery Lessons Learned:  Govt: strong institutional capacity, specialized authorities, policy and strategy  Partners: pre-existing programs, multiple PAs/IAs, internal emergency processes  Programs: Adapting to changing needs, sequencing, timelines geared for speed and closure, exit strategy  Financing: Mix of prevention/response, Incentive for prevention

18. A New Framework: IMDFF 1.Challenges: High Disaster Risk Also related to Climate Change 2.Desired Attributes: Ownership Speed Quality/ Oversight Flexibility Proactive, not Reactive IMDFF Standing Fund Inclusive Governance 2 Windows Activities Preventive DRR Financing Capacity Building Response Housing Infrastructure Livelihoods

19. Challenges to Address Internal: Bank’s processes (procurement, safeguards) Risk aversion to complex engagements Working with different partners External: Climate change and increasing vulnerability Changing mindsets to prevention, preparedness Government’s institutions and systems

20. Conclusions and Questions Some Open Questions:  Rapid Response policies and procedures for governments?  Quality, speed, ownership – where’s the balance for acceptable levels of losses?  Before or After Disasters – how to match needs to partners?  Can we design a “Callable Resources” model? Summary:  Indonesia can benefit from global experience on prevention  Indonesia has lessons to offer on response  Indonesia is well positioned to manage disasters on both prevention and response  Development partners can support by strengthening the relevant institutions who have the mandate

21. Terima Kasih! Thank You!