1. © 2008 W. H. Freeman and Company
WILLIAM F. RUDDIMAN
EARTH’S CLIMATE
PAST and FUTURE
SECOND EDITION
CHAPTER 1
Overview of Climate Science
© 2008 W. H. Freeman and Company

2. Causes of Climate Change
1- Changes in Earth-Sun Geometry 2- Changes in Sunspot Activity 3- Changes in Concentrations of Greenhouse Gases 4- Plate Tectonics

3. Changes in Earth’s Orbit - Eccentricity

11. © 2008 W. H. Freeman and Company
WILLIAM F. RUDDIMAN
EARTH’S CLIMATE
PAST and FUTURE
SECOND EDITION
CHAPTER 2
Climate Archives, Data, and Models
© 2008 W. H. Freeman and Company

12. Sediment Archives

13. Lake Cores

14. Ocean Drilling

15. Ocean Core

16. Trees as Climate Archives

19. Radioactive Decay

27. Pollen

28. Plankton
Modified from W. F. Ruddiman, “Climate Studies in Ocean Cores,” in Paleoclimate Analysis and Modeling, ed. A. D. Hecht [New York: John Wiley, 1977

29. General Circulation Model