1. Elements and Their Properties
Chapter 19
Elements and Their Properties

2. Metals Properties of Metals Conduct heat and electricity.
Luster- reflect light well.
Malleable- can be hammered or rolled into sheets.
Ductile- can be drawn into wires.

3. Metals- Cont.
Ionic Bonds- combine with nonmetals by losing electrons.

4. Metals- Cont.
Metallic Bonds- positively charged metallic ions are surrounded by a cloud of electrons; ions are in sliding layers and electrons are weakly held; readily form ionic bonds with nonmetals.

5. Alkali Metals
The Alkali Metals- softer and more reactive than other metals.
Highly reactive with oxygen and water; don’t occur naturally in elemental forms.
Combine readily with other elements due to single electrons in the outer energy level.
Alkali Metals are found in Group 1 of the Periodic Table.

6. Alkali Metals- Cont. - Multiple uses Human Health- Na, K, Li
Photocells- some depend on Ru or Cs
Francium- a radioactive element which breaks down giving off particles and energy

7. Alkaline Earth Metals
Alkaline Earth Metals- not found naturally in elemental form; two electrons in outer energy level.
Alkaline Earth Metals are found in Group 2 of the Periodic Table.

8. Alkaline Earth Metals
Applications- Strontium and Magnesium found in fireworks; Magnesium in vehicles, ladders, and bats; Calcium in statues and countertops
Human body- Calcium in
bones; Barium in disease
diagnoses; Radium
formerly used in cancer
treatment

9. Transition Metals
Transition Metals- they often occur in nature as uncombined elements
Transition Metals are found in Groups 3-12 of the Periodic Table.

10. Transition Metals- Cont.
Typically form colored compounds- Chromium found in rubies and emeralds
Chromium in it’s raw form.

11. Transition Metals- Cont.
Iron Triad- Iron, Cobalt, and Nickel
Iron- Most widely used of all metals and main ingredient in steel; abundant in Earth’s crust
Cobalt & Nickel- used in some steels
Nickel used to coat other metals

12. Transition Metals- Cont.
Copper, silver, gold- Coinage metals since once were commonly used in coins
Copper- used in electric wiring because it is a superior electricity conductor.
Silver- used in photographic film and paper, jewelry
Gold- used in jewelry and fillings

13. Transition Metals- Cont.
Zinc, Cadmium, Mercury- Group 12 on the periodic table
Zinc & Cadmium- often used to coat or plate other metals
Mercury- only room temperature liquid metal; used in thermometers and batteries

14. Transition Metals- Cont.
Inner transition- seem disconnected from the rest of the periodic table
Lanthanides- include La, Cr, Pr, Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb
Actinides- all are radioactive and unstable; Uranium is the best known
Uranium in raw form.

15. Nonmetals Properties of Nonmetals
Usually gases or brittle solids at room temperature
Are not malleable or ductile
Usually poor conductors of heat and electricity
Usually not lustrous

16. Non Metals- Cont.
Ionic compounds form when nonmetals gain electrons from metals and become negative ions.
Covalent compounds form when nonmetals share electrons with other nonmetals.

17. Nonmetals- Cont. Hydrogen- most common element in universe
Diatomic molecule- two atoms of the same element in a covalent compound
Highly reactive element found mostly on Earth as part of a water compound

18. Nonmetals- Cont.
Halogens- include Bromine, Iodine, Fluorine, Chlorine, and Astatine
Halogens are found in group 17 of the periodic table.

19. Nonmetals- Cont.
A salt forms when a halogen gains one electron from a metal
Uses of Halogens
Chlorine- disinfectant and bleach
Bromine- dyes in cosmetics
Iodine- hormone regulation
Sublimation- a solid changes directly into a gas without first becoming a liquid

20. Nonmetals- Cont. Noble Gases- exist as isolated, stable atoms
Helium- used in blimps and balloons
Neon, Argon, Krypton- used in lights

21. Review Question C12 H22 O11 Number of atoms C= H= O=
Total number of atoms:________

22. Mixed Groups Properties of Metalloids Form ionic and covalent bonds
Have some metallic and some nonmetallic properties
Partial conduction gives them semiconductor characteristics

23. Mixed Groups- Cont.
Boron Group- named for the first element in Group 13
Boron- use in water softening products, antiseptic, and fuels
Aluminum- abundant in Earth’s crust; used in cans, foil wrap, pans, building materials, and aircraft

24. Mixed Groups- Cont. Carbon Group- four electrons in outer energy level
Carbon- found in coal, oil, natural gas, and foods
Silicon occurs as an allotrope- same element with different molecular structures
Silicon- found in sand, rocks, and soil
The main component in semiconductors, which conduct electricity under certain conditions
Germanium- also used in semiconductors
Tin- used to coat other metals
Lead- toxic, so no longer used in paint
Diamonds, graphite, and buckminsterfullerene are all allotropes of carbon.

25. Mixed Groups- Cont.
Nitrogen Group- five electrons in outer energy level; trend to form covalent bonds
Nitrogen- used to make nitrates and ammonia
Phosphorus- used in water softeners, fertilizers, match heads, fine china
Antimony and Bismuth- used with other metals to lower melting points

26. Mixed Groups- Cont. Oxygen or Group 16
Oxygen- makes up 20% of air, is used by living things in respiration, and provides protection from the sun’s radiation
Sulfur- used to form sulfides for pigment in paint
Selenium- used in photocopiers and multivitamins
Te & Po are also oxygen group elements.

27. Mixed Groups- Cont.
Synthetic elements- scientists create elements not usually found on Earth; synthetic elements usually disintegrate quickly
Uranium can be made into Neptunium which forms plutonium when it disintegrates
Plutonium can be changed into Americum, which is used in smoke detectors.
Transuranium have more than 92 protons and are synthetic and unstable
The study of synthetic elements helps scientists to understand the forces holding the nucleus together.
Element 114 lasted for 30 seconds.
It combined 114 protons with 175 neutrons.
It broke apart due to enormous repulsion between the protons. ca