1. Odor and H2S Emissions from Laying House Teng-Teeh Lim, Albert J. Heber, Ji-Qin Ni Agricultural and Biological Engineering Purdue University Building Environment Research & Education AgAirQuality.com

2. New Laying Houses (2000)  1 of 14 barns  2 million bird total capacity  37 m wide and 183 m long  246,000 birds in cages.

3. The Laying House Fan inlets 76 exhaust fans 73, 122-cm fans 37 m x 183 m house Ceiling inlets 10 rows of hens Under cage slot 246,000 hens Stage 1: 4 fans Stage 2: 5 fans Stages 3-6: 9 fans Stage 7: 15 fans Stage 8: 13 fans Stored litter

4. Cages High Rise Building Design

5. Long-Term Manure Storage

6. Picture of lab

7. Heated Raceway for Sampling Lines

8.  Instrument space, protection and security  Key to quality assurance  Analyst comfort  Mobile Instrument Shelter CO 2 analyzer NH 3 analyzer H 2 S analyzer Pulsed flourescence (convert H 2 S to SO 2 ) ISU module Calibration gases GSS TEOM controllers

9. N Mixing manifold Floor plan (186 m x 30 m) Hall Exhaust air locations Instrument shelter 3 11 Air inlet group AD592 temperature sensors Air sampling locations Vane anemometer RH/temp probe Static pressure port To instrument shelter 1 10 Attic Pit Cages Side view 2 4 Cages End view Instrument shelter Pit

10. Monitoring Plan at Laying House Hydrogen sulfide emission = k * 186 m 3 /s x 414*(17 – 2)/(273+20) = 340 g/d

11. Solenoid valves H2SH2S P2 M4 M3 F4 Exhaust Analyzer Sample lines Sampling bag Probe manifold Analyzer manifold 3.6 L/min 1.0 L/min

12. AC’SCENT International Olfactometer  14 dilution levels  Dilution ratios: 66700 to 8  Triangular forced-choice  Single sniffing port  10 L sample size

13. Odor sampling at fan outlet Source: Heber et al., 2002 Vacuum chamber Vane anemometer Severe dust buildup Equality

14. Solenoid valves H2SH2S P2 M4 M3 F4 Exhaust Analyzer Sample lines Bag filling Probe manifold Analyzer manifold 3.6 L/min 1.0 L/min Filter

15. LabTests of 2 Dirty Fans at UIUC’s BESS Lab

16. Cleaned 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 01234 Airflow, m 3 /s Fan with Plastic Shutter New belt Dirty Published Dirty is 14-24% < published Static Pressure, Pa

17. Teng and FANS test

18. In-Field Fan Tests Further airflow degradation found in in-field tests and fans operating more frequently had greater degradation factors

19. Data Acquisition System  State of the art hardware, software  On-line data inspection  Alarm emails  Automatic backups  Instrument interfacing  Sample line control

20. Means ± 95% C.I. Inventory245,278 birds Bird mass1.57 kg Bird mass density57.4 kg/m 2 Ventilation rate204 ± 63 m 3 /s Inlet air temperature12.2 ± 4.4°C Inlet relative humidity61.3 ± 9.2% Exhaust air temperature21.6 ± 1.7°C

21. Hydrogen Sulfide Results

22. Hydrogen Sulfide Concentrations -5 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 2/273/133/274/104/245/85/226/5 Day of test, mm/dd Concentration, ppb Exhaust air (mean=19.7±4.8 ppb)

23. n-butanol vs. H 2 S

24. Hydrogen Sulfide Concentrations -5 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 2/273/133/274/104/245/85/226/5 Day of test, mm/dd Concentration, ppb Exhaust air Inlet air (mean=3.1±4.3 ppb)

25. Hydrogen Sulfide Concentrations and Emission Rates -5 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 2/273/133/274/104/245/85/226/5 Day of test, mm/dd Concentration, ppb 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Emission, mg s Exhaust air Inlet air Emission rate (mean = 5.6 ± 1.3 μg/s-AU)

26. Odor Results

27. Odor Concentrations (OU/m 3 ) 0 100 200 300 400 500 2/273/133/274/104/245/85/226/5 Day of test, mm/dd Odor conc., OU E m -3 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 ODC b ppb ODC b (mean = 42 ppb)

28. Odor Concentrations (OU E /m 3 ) 0 100 200 300 400 500 2/273/133/274/104/245/85/226/5 Day of test, mm/dd Odor conc., OU E m -3 Exhaust (mean = 316 OU E /m 3, n=13)

29. Odor Concentrations (OU E /m 3 ) 0 100 200 300 400 500 2/273/133/274/104/245/85/226/5 Day of test, mm/dd Odor conc., OU E m -3 Exhaust Inlet (mean = 51 OU E /m 3, n=13)

30. 0 10 20 30 40 50 2/273/133/274/104/245/85/226/5 Day of Test Emission, OU E s AU Odor emission rate Mean = 50,400 OU E /s = 65.6 OU E /s-AU = 7.53 OU E /s-m 2 mc=36.4% pH=8.4 mc=26.0% pH=8.3 mc=25.0% pH=8.3

31. 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 2/273/133/274/104/245/85/226/5 Day of Test Ventilation Rate, m 3 s 0 10 20 30 40 50 Emission, OU E s AU Ventilation rate Odor emission rate

32. 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 2/273/133/274/104/245/85/226/5 Day of Test Ventilation Rate, m 3 s -10 0 10 20 30 40 50 Emission, OU E s AU Temperature, o C Inlet T Ventilation rate Emission rate

33. 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 2/273/133/274/104/245/85/226/5 Day of Test Ventilation Rate, m 3 s Inlet T Ventilation Rate Exhaust T Emission Rate -10 0 10 20 30 40 50 Emission, OU E s AU Temperature, o C

34. Hedonic Tone v. Odor Concentration Inlet air mean = -1.9 Exhaust air mean = -5.0

35. Hedonic Tone v. Odor Concentration

36. Conclusions  Mean exhaust air H 2 S concentration was 20 ppb.  Mean H 2 S emission rate was 5.6 μg/s-AU.  Mean hedonic tone of exhaust air was -5.  Mean exhaust odor intensity was 3200 ppm BIW.  Mean exhaust odor concentration was 316 OU E /m 3.  Mean odor emission was 66 OU E /s-AU.

37. www.AgAirQuality.com Thank you!