1. Week 3 Graham Davies Child Witnesses and the Courtroom

2. Vulnerable witnesses in court English law traditionally lays great emphasis upon giving evidence in person This creates enormous difficulties for vulnerable witnesses, such as children, the elderly and those with learning disabilities In the last 25 years, law and procedure in England and Wales has changed more for these groups than the previous 150 years

3. Children as Witnesses Children's evidence has traditionally been regarded with suspicion by the courts Issues around suggestibility; poor memory and lack of moral sense However, concerns arose over miscarriages of justice involving child sex abuse-the Peter Adamson case (1983) In 1988, the Hedderman Report concluded that with appropriate support and interview procedures, children could be credible and useful witnesses in court

4. Milestones in Children’s Evidence The ‘Live link’ Videotaped interviews The Memorandum of Good Practice (1992) Ceci on suggestibility Achieving Best Evidence (2002)

5. The ‘Live Link’ Fears of seeing the accused Concern over alien surroundings Research by Davies and Noon (1991) Positive effects Negative effects

6. Orcutt, Goodman et al. Law and Human Behaviour, 2001, 25, 339-372 Half had stickers placed on body; half pretended they had All cross-examined by lawyers in court, either via CCTV or live in courtroom Children aged 7-9 years; 3 weeks delay Jurors were at chance at detecting deception No impact on accuracy:live vs CCTV

7. Videotaped Interviews The ‘Half-Pigot’ compromise Pigot on the value of skilled and early interviews Evaluation by Davies, Wilson et al. (1995) Impact of stress and support

8. By 1998, Widespread Use and Acceptance CPS Inspectorate Report 93% applications for ‘Live links’ 95% applications for videotapes But no impact on conviction rate

9. The Memorandum of Good Practice (1992) Phased approach to interview: Rapport and ground rules Free narrative phase Questioning phase Closure

10. Types of Question Open-ended questions Specific, but non-leading questions Closed questions Leading questions

11. Waterman, Blades & Spencer Applied Cognitive Psychology,2001,15, 521- 532) Participants aged 5-9 yrs and adults Hear story and then answer questions Half open (Wh..?) and half closed Half answerable, remainder not High accuracy, irrespective of age, on answerable questions Very strong age effect on closed unanswerable questions

12. Research by Steve Ceci Negative stereotyping and repeated suggestions Committed interviewers Repeated requests to remember

13. Some Limitations on Ceci’s Work Children aged 3-6 years Strong age effects Familiar known events Multiple interviews a feature

14. Memorandum Interviewing Anticipated these Problems by Minimising the number of interviews Recording what questions were asked Interviewing as soon after the accusation as feasible

15. Sternberg, Lamb, Davies & Westcott, Child Abuse and Neglect, 2001, 25, 669-681 Content analysis of over 100 interviews by 13 police forces Low rates of open-ended questions, distributed across interview High rates (40%) of specific and closed questions Low rates of leading questions

16. Revised Guidance addresses these Problems Achieving best evidence in criminal proceedings: Guidance for vulnerable and intimidated witnesses, including children (Home Office, 2002)

17. Revised Document Wider in Scope Covers all vulnerable and intimidated adults as well as children Court preparation and appearance as well as interviews All professionals to subscribe to the same principles Attempt to create a ‘joined up’ CJS

18. Criticisms of the Memorandum by users included Inflexibility of the ‘one hour rule’ Lack of guidance on the very young, special needs and ethnic minorities Emphasis on evidence gathering at the expense of support for the child Not enough examples of good practice

19. Aspects of the revised Guidance for children Disappearance of the ‘one hour rule’ – length now up to professional judgement Special treatment of very young witnesses and those with special needs Extended coverage of the planning phase of the interview Verbal formulae for ‘ground rules’

20. Other features of the Guidance include No assumption of ‘step wise’ questioning Instead a general emphasis on open- ended questions No lower age limit for interviews Intermediaries and video-cross examination Recognition that children, like all witnesses, will sometimes lie or make errors

21. Unresolved Issues Resistance from lawyers to use of intermediaries and pre-recorded cross- examination Need for training for all parties in the Guidance-and understanding of recommendations Special needs of defence witnesses