1. Population Demographic transition model “fertility and mortality vary over time: Demographic Transition Model — reasons for differences in fertility and mortality in the stages of the model; differences between economically more developed countries (EMDCs) and economically less developed countries (ELDCs) ” SQA

2. Demographic transition model The demographic transition model shows how a population will change over time as it changes from an agrarian society to an industrial, and post-industrial one. Population

3. Demographic transition model The demographic transition model shows how a population will change over time as it changes from an agrarian society to an industrial, and post-industrial one. Population Stage 1. Birth and death rates are both high, leading to a low but stable population. High fluctuating UK pre 1760/Industrial Revolution. Ethiopia/Bangladesh/ Rainforest tribes presently.

4. Demographic transition model The demographic transition model shows how a population will change over time as it changes from an agrarian society to an industrial, and post-industrial one. Population Stage 2. Birth remain high but now death rates start to fall dramatically, leading to a rising population. Early expanding UK pre 1760-1880. Peru/Sri Lanka/Kenya presently.

5. Demographic transition model The demographic transition model shows how a population will change over time as it changes from an agrarian society to an industrial, and post-industrial one. Population Stage 3. Birth start to fall now and death rates continue to fall, causing the population to continue to rise but less quickly now as the gap between births and deaths is closing. Late expanding UK 1880-1940 China/Cuba/Australia presently.

6. Demographic transition model The demographic transition model shows how a population will change over time as it changes from an agrarian society to an industrial, and post-industrial one. Population Stage 4. Birth and death rates are now both low, causing the population to be more stable but high. Low fluctuating UK post 1940 Canada/USA/Japan.

7. Demographic transition modelPopulation Each stage creates population pyramids unique to that stage.

8. Demographic transition modelPopulation Stage 1. Birth rates are high because:  No birth control or family planning.

9. Demographic transition modelPopulation Stage 1. Birth rates are high because:  No birth control or family planning.  High infant mortality rate so parents produce more in hope that several will survive.

10. Demographic transition modelPopulation Stage 1. Birth rates are high because:  No birth control or family planning.  High infant mortality rate so parents produce more in hope that several will survive.  Many children needed to work in agriculture

11. Demographic transition modelPopulation Stage 1. Birth rates are high because:  No birth control or family planning.  High infant mortality rate so parents produce more in hope that several will survive.  Many children needed to work in agriculture  Children expected to support parents in later life in the absence of pensions.

12. Demographic transition modelPopulation Stage 1. Birth rates are high because:  No birth control or family planning.  High infant mortality rate so parents produce more in hope that several will survive.  Many children needed to work in agriculture  Children expected to support parents in later life in the absence of pensions.  Children regarded as a sign of virility and status in some societies.

13. Demographic transition modelPopulation Stage 1. Birth rates are high because:  No birth control or family planning.  High infant mortality rate so parents produce more in hope that several will survive.  Many children needed to work in agriculture  Children expected to support parents in later life in the absence of pensions.  Children regarded as a sign of virility and status in some societies.  Religious beliefs - Roman Catholics, Muslims, Hindus, encourage large families.

14. Demographic transition modelPopulation Stage 1. Death rates are high because:  Lack of access to medical science/supplies - few doctors, hospitals, drugs.

15. Demographic transition modelPopulation Stage 1. Death rates are high because:  Lack of access to medical science/supplies - few doctors, hospitals, drugs.  Poor hygiene - no piped, clean water systems, no proper, safe sewage disposal systems.

16. Demographic transition modelPopulation Stage 1. Death rates are high because:  Lack of access to medical science/supplies - few doctors, hospitals, drugs.  Poor hygiene - no piped, clean water systems, no proper, safe sewage disposal systems.  Famine, uncertain food supplies, poor diets.

17. Demographic transition modelPopulation Stage 1. Death rates are high because:  Lack of access to medical science/supplies - few doctors, hospitals, drugs.  Poor hygiene - no piped, clean water systems, no proper, safe sewage disposal systems.  Famine, uncertain food supplies, poor diets.  Disease spread by lack of access to clean water/plague (bubonic, cholera, bilharzias).

18. Demographic transition modelPopulation Stage 1. Natural increase (population growth) is low because although there are a lot of births the similarly high number of deaths effectively cancels them out, leaving a low but stable population.

19. Demographic transition modelPopulation Stage 2. Birth rates remain high because of all the same reasons as for Stage 1.

20. Demographic transition modelPopulation Stage 2. Death rates begin to fall because:  Improved medical care - antibiotics, vaccinations, hospitals, doctors, drugs, scientific innovations which combined to reduce infant mortality rates.

21. Demographic transition modelPopulation Stage 2. Death rates begin to fall because:  Improved medical care - antibiotics, vaccinations, hospitals, doctors, drugs, scientific innovations which combined to reduce infant mortality rates.  Improved sanitation and water supply systems reduces disease.

22. Demographic transition modelPopulation Stage 2. Death rates begin to fall because:  Improved medical care - antibiotics, vaccinations, hospitals, doctors, drugs, scientific innovations which combined to reduce infant mortality rates.  Improved sanitation and water supply systems reduces disease.  Improvements in agricultural efficiency increased quality and quantity of food production, reducing shortages.

23. Demographic transition modelPopulation Stage 2. Death rates begin to fall because:  Improved medical care - antibiotics, vaccinations, hospitals, doctors, drugs, scientific innovations which combined to reduce infant mortality rates.  Improved sanitation and water supply systems reduces disease.  Improvements in agricultural efficiency increased quality and quantity of food production, reducing shortages.  Improved communications to transport food, doctors, medicines etc.

24. Demographic transition modelPopulation Stage 2. Natural increase (population growth) is high because there is now a large gap between births and deaths, increasing the population rapidly.

25. Demographic transition modelPopulation Stage 3. Birth rates begin to fall because:  Lower infant mortality rate means less pressure to have many children.

26. Demographic transition modelPopulation Stage 3. Birth rates begin to fall because:  Lower infant mortality rate means less pressure to have many children.  Widespread availability and knowledge of family planning - contraceptives, abortion, sterilisation and government incentives (anti-natalist policies –China).

27. Demographic transition modelPopulation Stage 3. Birth rates begin to fall because:  Lower infant mortality rate means less pressure to have many children.  Widespread availability and knowledge of family planning - contraceptives, abortion, sterilisation and government incentives (anti-natalist policies –China).  Change from agrarian to an industrial society and mechanisation leads to a reduction in workforce requirements.

28. Demographic transition modelPopulation Stage 3. Birth rates begin to fall because:  Lower infant mortality rate means less pressure to have many children.  Widespread availability and knowledge of family planning - contraceptives, abortion, sterilisation and government incentives (anti-natalist policies –China).  Change from agrarian to an industrial society and mechanisation leads to a reduction in workforce requirements.  Welfare systems i.e. pensions meant children no longer needed to care for parents in old age.

29. Demographic transition modelPopulation Stage 3. Birth rates begin to fall because:  Emancipation of women and improved educational opportunities has increased status of women, enabling them to pursue careers and so delay child-bearing.

30. Demographic transition modelPopulation Stage 3. Birth rates begin to fall because:  Emancipation of women and improved educational opportunities has increased status of women, enabling them to pursue careers and so delay child-bearing.  Large families increasingly viewed as an economic and social burden.

31. Demographic transition modelPopulation Stage 3. Birth rates begin to fall because:  Emancipation of women and improved educational opportunities has increased status of women, enabling them to pursue careers and so delay child-bearing.  Large families increasingly viewed as an economic and social burden.  Increased desire to pursue material lifestyles (cars, holidays, bigger homes) and less for large families.

32. Demographic transition modelPopulation Stage 3. Natural increase (population growth) remains high due to the gap between births and deaths but as this stage progresses the increase gets less as births and deaths match up again.

33. Demographic transition modelPopulation Stage 3/4. Death rates continue to fall because of ongoing developments in health and hygiene already mentioned.

34. Demographic transition modelPopulation Stage 3/4. Death rates remain low because:  Continued advances in paediatric care further reduce infant mortality rates.

35. Demographic transition modelPopulation Stage 3/4. Death rates remain low because:  Continued advances in paediatric care further reduce infant mortality rates.  Improved diets

36. Demographic transition modelPopulation Stage 3/4. Death rates remain low because:  Continued advances in paediatric care further reduce infant mortality rates.  Improved diets  Continued advances in geriatric care increase life expectancy

37. Demographic transition modelPopulation Stage 3/4. Death rates remain low because:  Continued advances in paediatric care further reduce infant mortality rates.  Improved diets  Continued advances in geriatric care increase life expectancy  Increase in preventative health care

38. Demographic transition modelPopulation Stage 3/4. Death rates remain low because:  Continued advances in paediatric care further reduce infant mortality rates.  Improved diets  Continued advances in geriatric care increase life expectancy  Increase in preventative health care  Enhanced public services for elderly - specialised care workers, day-centres, residential homes, sheltered housing, meals-on-wheels.

39. Demographic transition modelPopulation Stage 3/4. Death rates remain low because:  Continued advances in paediatric care further reduce infant mortality rates.  Improved diets  Continued advances in geriatric care increase life expectancy  Increase in preventative health care  Enhanced public services for elderly - specialised care workers, day-centres, residential homes, sheltered housing, meals-on-wheels.  Universal state pension scheme and increasing uptake of private pensions have increased affluence of elderly and so increased life expectancy.

40. Demographic transition modelPopulation Stage 4. Birth rates continue to fall for all the same reasons as Stage 3.

41. Demographic transition modelPopulation Stage 4. Natural increase (population growth) is again low as births and deaths virtually cancel each other out, but now the population is high..

42. Demographic transition modelPopulation Stage 1. ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ Stage 2. ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ Stage 3. ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ Stage 4. ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________

43. Demographic transition modelPopulation Stage 1. _______________________________________________ _______________________________________________ _______________________________________________ _______________________________________________ _______________________________________________ _______________________________________________ _______________________________________________ _______________________________________________ _______________________________________________ _______________________________________________ _______________________________________________ _______________________________________________ _______________________________________________ _______________________________________________ _______________________________________________ _______________________________________________ _______________________________________________ _______________________________________________ _______________________________________________ _______________________________________________ _______________________________________________

44. Demographic transition modelPopulation Stage 2. ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________

45. Demographic transition modelPopulation Stage 3. ______________________________________________ ______________________________________________ ______________________________________________ ______________________________________________ ______________________________________________ ______________________________________________ ______________________________________________ ______________________________________________ ______________________________________________ ______________________________________________ ______________________________________________ ______________________________________________ ______________________________________________ ______________________________________________ ______________________________________________ ______________________________________________ ______________________________________________ ______________________________________________ ______________________________________________ ______________________________________________ ______________________________________________ ______________________________________________ ______________________________________________ _____________

46. Demographic transition modelPopulation Stage 4. _____________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________