1. Human Populations Chapter 7 Cover human population growth Cover factors affecting population growth

2. I. Population Growth  A. General Information According to the book, 4-5 children are born every second, worldwide According to the book, 4-5 children are born every second, worldwide (+) 9,000 people per hour(+) 9,000 people per hour (+) 214,000 people per day(+) 214,000 people per day According to the book, 2 people die every second, worldwide According to the book, 2 people die every second, worldwide Concerns are rising over resource depletion Concerns are rising over resource depletion Leads to birth control and bands on numbers of children per familyLeads to birth control and bands on numbers of children per family

3. I. Population Growth  A. (cont) Some believe no concern over world-wide carrying capacity Some believe no concern over world-wide carrying capacity An increase of carrying capacity is possible with technology An increase of carrying capacity is possible with technology More people = more workers = more geniuses (to solve problems)More people = more workers = more geniuses (to solve problems) Issues arise from human problemsIssues arise from human problems Greed, power, etc. Greed, power, etc.

4. I. Population Growth  B. Human Population History Populations were low during the “hunter/gatherer” era Populations were low during the “hunter/gatherer” era Populations increased with the invention of agriculture (cultivation and domestication) Populations increased with the invention of agriculture (cultivation and domestication) Human population growth has been reduced over the years by disease, famine, and war Human population growth has been reduced over the years by disease, famine, and war Ex. Bubonic plague – estimated 1/3 of European population died over a 3 year periodEx. Bubonic plague – estimated 1/3 of European population died over a 3 year period

5. Human Population Over History

6. II. Limits to Growth  A. Malthusian Checks Human populations tend to increase at an exponential or compound rate Human populations tend to increase at an exponential or compound rate Predicted human populations will outgrow food supplies, causing a population crash Predicted human populations will outgrow food supplies, causing a population crash Positive checks are disease and famine, and birth prevention Positive checks are disease and famine, and birth prevention Discussed “moral restraint”Discussed “moral restraint”

7. II. Limits to Growth AAAA. (cont.) Most people were immoral or lazy Karl Marx disagreed with Malthus Social justice would fix the problems Neo-malthusians believe we are approaching or already past the carrying capacity BBBB. Technological Influence Population crash is stalled due to scientific and technological advances Current population increases are due to scientific and technological advances

8.  C. Benefits from higher populations More people means larger markets, more workers, greater numbers of geniuses, etc. More people means larger markets, more workers, greater numbers of geniuses, etc. Humans may be the ultimate resource Humans may be the ultimate resource No real evidence that social problems have increased with greater populationsNo real evidence that social problems have increased with greater populations Percentages remain the same Percentages remain the same

9. III. Human Demography  A. General Information Demography deals with vital statistics about people Demography deals with vital statistics about people Ex. Births, deaths, where they live, total population, etc.Ex. Births, deaths, where they live, total population, etc. Graphos = to write or measureGraphos = to write or measure Demos = peopleDemos = people  B. How many people As of 10/12/1999, the U.N. declared there are 6 billion people As of 10/12/1999, the U.N. declared there are 6 billion people Very hard to determine Very hard to determine Some countries don’t take census Some countries don’t take census

10. III. Human Demography  B. (cont.) Can’t count people that are not supposed to be in the country Can’t count people that are not supposed to be in the country 2 different worlds 2 different worlds Poor, young, growing rapidlyPoor, young, growing rapidly Rich, established, slow growing or shrinking (older  40 is average age)Rich, established, slow growing or shrinking (older  40 is average age) Russia declining at 1 million per year Russia declining at 1 million per year

11. III. Human Demography  C. Fertility and Birth Rates Birth rates are defined as the number of births per 1000 persons Birth rates are defined as the number of births per 1000 persons Total fertility rate is the number of children born to an average woman during her life time Total fertility rate is the number of children born to an average woman during her life time Zero population growth can only occur after several generations at replacement level fertility Zero population growth can only occur after several generations at replacement level fertility Fertility rates have declined in every part of the world except Africa ( last 50 years) Fertility rates have declined in every part of the world except Africa ( last 50 years) Bangladesh 6.9 (1980) to 4.1 in (1998)Bangladesh 6.9 (1980) to 4.1 in (1998)

12. III. Human Demography  D. Mortality and Death Rates Crude Mortality Rates are the number of deaths per 1000 people in a given year Crude Mortality Rates are the number of deaths per 1000 people in a given year  E. Population Growth Rates Natural increase of a population is crude birth (-) crude death Natural increase of a population is crude birth (-) crude death Total Growth Rate includes immigration and emigration: Total Growth Rate includes immigration and emigration:

13. III. Human Demography  E. (cont.) Afghanistan -5.3%, doubles every 13 yearsAfghanistan -5.3%, doubles every 13 years US and Canada-.8%, doubles every 87 yearsUS and Canada-.8%, doubles every 87 years Spain and United Kingdom-.1% doubles every 700 yearsSpain and United Kingdom-.1% doubles every 700 years Latvia- - 1.1%, lose ½ population in 64 yearsLatvia- - 1.1%, lose ½ population in 64 years Declining mortality is the greatest factor for rising populations world-wide Declining mortality is the greatest factor for rising populations world-wide Developing countries are increasing their life expectancy Developing countries are increasing their life expectancy Due to better nutrition, improved sanitation, and clean waterDue to better nutrition, improved sanitation, and clean water

14. World Population v. Time

15. World Wide Population Developed v. Developing Nations

16. III. Human Demography  E. (cont.) Good correlation between annual income and life expectancy, up to $4000 per person per year Good correlation between annual income and life expectancy, up to $4000 per person per year After, life expectancy levels out to 75 male and 80 femaleAfter, life expectancy levels out to 75 male and 80 female Life expectancy between and within races varyLife expectancy between and within races vary  F. Emigration and Immigration 800,000 people immigrate (legally) into U.S. per year 800,000 people immigrate (legally) into U.S. per year Developed regions gain 2 millions people per year (estimated for the next 50 years) Developed regions gain 2 millions people per year (estimated for the next 50 years) Latino’s are the largest US minority Latino’s are the largest US minority 35 Million35 Million

17. Money v. Life Expectancy

18. IV. Population Growth: Opposing Factors  A. Pronatalist pressures Pronatalist Pressures are factors that increase desires to have babies Pronatalist Pressures are factors that increase desires to have babies Happiness, pride, etcHappiness, pride, etc Elderly supportElderly support High infant mortality, non-industrialized nationsHigh infant mortality, non-industrialized nations Societal status (class systems)Societal status (class systems) Cultural and religious valuesCultural and religious values  B. Birth Reduction Pressures Industrialized nations Industrialized nations

19. IV. Population Growth: Opposing Factors  B. (cont.) Pressure to reduce fertility Pressure to reduce fertility Desire for children offset by the desire for goods Desire for children offset by the desire for goods Women want to earn salaries Women want to earn salaries In some areas, the woman’s salary is a necessary portion of the budgetIn some areas, the woman’s salary is a necessary portion of the budget Expensive to raise children Expensive to raise children More than just physical needs, for example, learning trades and collegeMore than just physical needs, for example, learning trades and college

20. V. Demographic Transition  A. General Information Demographic transition is when birth rates and death rates fall due to improved living conditions and economic development Demographic transition is when birth rates and death rates fall due to improved living conditions and economic development  B. Development and Population U.S. is on the developed portion of time-line U.S. is on the developed portion of time-line Countries like Kenya, Yemen, Libya, and Jordan are in the developing stage Countries like Kenya, Yemen, Libya, and Jordan are in the developing stage Death rates have fallen, yet birth rates have not started downwardDeath rates have fallen, yet birth rates have not started downward

21. Population Rates v. Time

22. V. Demographic Transition  B. (cont.) Third world development will increase populations but should eventually level off Third world development will increase populations but should eventually level off  C. Optimistic View vs. Pessimistic View Developing nations already in transition Developing nations already in transition World Population stabilization in this century World Population stabilization in this century Prosperity and social “reforms” lower need and desire for children Prosperity and social “reforms” lower need and desire for children Technology advances in third world countries quicker, so population doesn’t rise as fast Technology advances in third world countries quicker, so population doesn’t rise as fast Can avoid historical mistakes Can avoid historical mistakes Modern communication spurs change Modern communication spurs change

23. V. Demographic Transition  VS. Demographic “trap”, prevents the countries from escaping the “developing” stage Demographic “trap”, prevents the countries from escaping the “developing” stage Current demands exceeds sustainable yields Current demands exceeds sustainable yields Most reduce population growth by any means Most reduce population growth by any means Need to use birth controlNeed to use birth control  D. Social Justice View “Fair” share of social benefits for everyone “Fair” share of social benefits for everyone Enough resources for everyone, social inequities cause misdistribution of resources Enough resources for everyone, social inequities cause misdistribution of resources

24. V. Demographic Transition  D. (cont.) All bad issues are a result of no social justice All bad issues are a result of no social justice Over population exacerbates problemsOver population exacerbates problems Creates “fair” system, don’t blame victims Creates “fair” system, don’t blame victims

25. VI. Family Planning  A. General Information Family Planning allows couples to determine the number of children Family Planning allows couples to determine the number of children Birth Control means methods use to reduce birth Birth Control means methods use to reduce birth  B. Fertility Control Longer breast feeding periods Longer breast feeding periods Reduces ovulationsReduces ovulations Cultural considerationsCultural considerations

26. VI. Family Planning  B. (cont.) Celibacy Celibacy Mechanical barriers Mechanical barriers Surgical methods Surgical methods Chemical methods Chemical methods Physical barriers ( IUD’s) Physical barriers ( IUD’s)

27. Fallopian Tubes “Tied”

28. IUD

29. Vasectomy

30. Enough Said!