1. The Middle East, India, & SE Asia (650-1450)

2. Religion Islam means submission
Acceptance of people of the book (Christianity, Judaism)
Allow converts (Malawi)
Ulama: fundamentalist
Sharia: Islamic laws, veiling
Sunni-Shi'i Split
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3. Islam Shiites & Sunnis 1. What are the majority of Muslims?
2. What is the most important similarity of Shiites & Sunnis?
The 5 pillars
3. What is an ayatollah?
Shiite religious authority
Islamic Law
1. What are caliphs?
Political-Religious leaders
2. How did family law reflect their views of women?
Marriage and property rights
3. How were Islamic court proceedings similar to US?
Due Process

4. Religion Spread of Islam to South Asia Southeast Asia
By the 1200’s Islamic dynasties ruled much of northern India
Many Buddhists converted to Islam
Hinduism became more actively devotional, emphasizing cults of gods and goddesses.
Hindus became increasingly intolerant of Muslim practices, while the Islamic ulama stressed the differences between Muslims and Hindus
Southeast Asia
Trading contacts provided the means for the expansion of Islam into Southeast Asia.
Islamic religion of the Southeast tended to be more tolerant of indigenous animist religions

5. Politics Caliphs: Muslim religious and political leaders
political rivalries, ethnic differences, and sectarian rifts divided the Islamic world.
Islam-Theocratic Rulers- codified Islamic law
India
Political fragmentation paved way for Muslim invasions
Conquered people were respected, but required to pay a non-believer tax
established a Muslim capital in India at Delhi

6. Empire Unification of Arabia Umayyad Dynasty (660-750)
Economic and religious motives for conquest
Umayyad Dynasty ( )
expanded into Asia and Northern Africa
Regional Sultans ruled for caliphs
Decline due to lavish lifestyles of caliphs
Military dissent

7. Empire Abbasid Era 1258 Mongols overran Islamic empire
centralized government
Shi'i suppression
built a new capital in Iraq at Baghdad
economic advantages to believers, mass conversions
Problems in determining the succession
Mercenary armies were enlisted to fight civil wars
High taxes
1258 Mongols overran Islamic empire

8. Economy Urbanization; opportunities for craftsmen and artists
Participated in trade
-Trans Sahara Trade
-Silk Road/Route
-Indian Ocean Trade: Islamic World, China, East Africa and Persia
Traded: cotton, silk, elephants, gems, cinnamon, and salt

9. Global Trade Arabs dominated trade controlled western trading zone
traded: textiles, carpets, glass & Arabian horses
Crusades
Trans-Saharan trade routes
Islam spread
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10. Social Class/Gender Umayyad Abbasid Women- married at puberty
Islamic women strengthened their positions within their households
Islam declared the spiritual equality of men and women before Allah
Women entered many occupations, including commerce and law.
Abbasid
Women’s position declined
increasingly confined to the household
totally subjected to patriarchal authority
caliphs maintained harems, in which both wives and concubines were secluded in the imperial chambers
veiling of free females
Elite women were cut off from any occupation other than running a household

11. Science/Inventions Objective experimentation
Animal? Vegetable? Mineral?
Observed earth turning & calculated circumference
Hospitals
Emergency rooms - doctor exams
Studied diseases - wrote medical books
improved techniques for paper-making, ceramics, and silk-weaving
Mathematics: Algebra, Geometry

12. Art/Architecture
Persian became language of high culture and literature
Calligraphy, designs
Minarets
Mosques
Literature
Poetic works: “1001 Arabian Nights”

13. Why did the disputes over authority after the death of Muhammad serve to hinder future Muslim unity?
Write your hypothesis on your paper.

14. Why did the disputes over authority after the death of Muhammad serve to hinder future Muslim unity?
Muhammad did not leave a principle for succession within Islam; he was the final prophet.
Successors to lead the Muslim community first were elected by the Umma. (community of the faithful in Islam)
Ali contested the system by advocating descent from Muhammad; this became the focal point of Shi'ism.

15. Why did the disputes over authority after the death of Muhammad serve to hinder future Muslim unity?
Ali's opposition caused civil war and Umayyad success led to their founding of a dynasty.
The Shi'i never accepted defeat; descendants of Muhammad were always present to contest rule over Muslims.
A fundamental division remained between the Sunni and Shi'i divisions of Islam.

16. Write your hypothesis on your paper.
Compare the initial spread of Islam throughout the Mediterranean and the Middle East with the Islamic incursions into India and Southeast Asia.
Write your hypothesis on your paper.

17. Then the Abbasids gave full citizenship to non-Arabs.
Compare the initial spread of Islam throughout the Mediterranean and the Middle East with the Islamic incursions into India and Southeast Asia.
Most of the first expansion in the Mediterranean region and the Middle East was by Arabian tribesmen.
The government under the Umayyads retained the initial concept of rule by a small Arab elite; full citizenship for Malawi was denied.
Then the Abbasids gave full citizenship to non-Arabs.

18. The second stage of Islamic expansion was led by non­Arabs.
Compare the initial spread of Islam throughout the Mediterranean and the Middle East with the Islamic incursions into India and Southeast Asia.
The second stage of Islamic expansion was led by non­Arabs.
The presence of Sufi missionaries made for a more peaceful expansion and to less restrictive forms of Islam.
Converts, as in the Delhi sultanate, retained many of their previous Hindu beliefs and social systems.