1. George Mason University ECE 545 – Introduction to VHDL Timing Event-driven simulation ECE 545 Lecture 8

2. 2ECE 545 – Introduction to VHDL Sources A. Deway, Analysis and Design of Digital Systems with VHDL, Chapters 15, VHDL Technology M. Abramovici, M. Breuer, A. Friedman Chapter 3.10, Gate-Level Event Driven Simulation P. Ashenden, The Designer’s Guide to VHDL, Chapter 5.3  Signal Attributes  Delta Delays  Transport and Inertial Delay Mechanisms

3. 3ECE 545 – Introduction to VHDL Timing of digital circuits

4. 4ECE 545 – Introduction to VHDL Timing Characteristics of Combinational Circuits Combinational Circuits Are Characterized by Propagation Delays through logic components (gates, LUTs) through interconnects (routing delays) t p LUT t p routing LUT Total propagation delay through combinational logic

5. 5ECE 545 – Introduction to VHDL Timing Characteristics of Combinational Circuits (2) Total Propagation Delay of Logic Depends on the Number of Logic Levels and Delays of Logic Components Number of logic levels is the number of logic components (gates, LUTs) the signal propagates through Routing Delays Depend on: Length of interconnects Fanout

6. 6ECE 545 – Introduction to VHDL Timing Characteristics of Combinational Circuits (3) Fanout – Number of Inputs Connected to One Output Each inputs has its capacitance Fast switching of outputs with high fanout requires higher currents and strong drivers LUT

7. 7ECE 545 – Introduction to VHDL Timing Characteristics of Combinational Circuits (4) In Current Technologies Routing Delays Make 50-70% of the Total Propagation Delays

8. 8ECE 545 – Introduction to VHDL Timing Characteristics of Sequential Circuits (1) Timing Features of Flip-flops Setup time t S – minimum time the input has to be stable before the rising edge of the clock Hold time t H – minimum time the input has to be stable after the rising edge of the clock Propagation delay t P – time to propagate input to output after the rising edge of the clock

9. 9ECE 545 – Introduction to VHDL Timing Characteristics of Sequential Circuits (2) DQ clk D Q tStS tHtH tPtP Input D must remain stable during this interval Input D can freely change during this interval

10. 10ECE 545 – Introduction to VHDL Critical Path (1) Critical Path – The Longest Path From Outputs of Registers to Inputs of Registers DQ in clk DQ out t P logic t Critical = t P FF + t P logic + t S FF

11. 11ECE 545 – Introduction to VHDL Critical Path (2) Min. Clock Period = Length of The Critical Path Max. Clock Frequency = 1 / Min. Clock Period

12. 12ECE 545 – Introduction to VHDL Clock Jitter Rising Edge of The Clock Does Not Occur Precisely Periodically May cause faults in the circuit clk

13. 13ECE 545 – Introduction to VHDL Clock Skew Rising Edge of the Clock Does Not Arrive at Clock Inputs of All Flip-flops at The Same Time DQ in clk DQ out delay DQ in clk DQ out delay

14. 14ECE 545 – Introduction to VHDL Dealing With Clock Problems Use Only Dedicated Clock Nets for Clock Signals Do Not Put Any Logic in Clock Nets

15. 15ECE 545 – Introduction to VHDL Specifying time in VHDL

16. 16ECE 545 – Introduction to VHDL Physical data types Types representing physical quantities, such as time, voltage, capacitance, etc. are referred in VHDL as physical data types. TIME is the only predefined physical data type. Value of the physical data type is called a physical literal.

17. 17ECE 545 – Introduction to VHDL Time values (physical literals) - Examples 7 ns 1 min min 10.65 us 10.65 fs Unit of time (dimension) SpaceNumeric value

18. 18ECE 545 – Introduction to VHDL TIME values Numeric value can be an integer or a floating point number. Numeric value is optional. If not given, 1 is implied. Numeric value and dimension MUST be separated by a space.

19. 19ECE 545 – Introduction to VHDL Units of time UnitDefinition Base Unit fsfemtoseconds (10 -15 seconds) Derived Units pspicoseconds (10 -12 seconds) nsnanoseconds (10 -9 seconds) usmicroseconds (10 -6 seconds) msmiliseconds (10 -3 seconds) secseconds minminutes (60 seconds) hrhours (3600 seconds)

20. 20ECE 545 – Introduction to VHDL Values of the type TIME Value of a physical literal is defined in terms of integral multiples of the base unit, e.g. 10.65 us = 10,650,000,000 fs 10.65 fs = 10 fs Smallest available resolution in VHDL is 1 fs. Smallest available resolution in simulation can be set using a simulator command or parameter.

21. 21ECE 545 – Introduction to VHDL Arithmetic operations on values of the type TIME Examples: 7 ns + 10 ns = 17 ns 1.2 ns – 12.6 ps = 1187400 fs 5 ns * 4.3 = 21.5 ns 20 ns / 5ns = 4

22. 22ECE 545 – Introduction to VHDL Propagation delay in VHDL

23. 23ECE 545 – Introduction to VHDL Propagation delay in VHDL - Example entity MAJORITY is port (A_IN, B_IN, C_IN : in STD_LOGIC; Z_OUT : out STD_LOGIC); end MAJORITY; architecture DATA_FLOW of MAJORITY is begin Z_OUT <= (not A_IN and B_IN and C_IN) or (A_IN and not B_IN and C_IN) or (A_IN and B_IN and not C_IN) or (A_IN and B_IN and C_IN) after 20 ns; end DATA_FLOW;

24. 24ECE 545 – Introduction to VHDL Propagation delay - Example

25. 25ECE 545 – Introduction to VHDL MLU: Block Diagram

26. 26ECE 545 – Introduction to VHDL MLU - Architecture Body – Example 1 begin A1<= not A after 6 ns when (NEG_A='1') else A after 5 ns; B1<= not B after 6 ns when (NEG_B='1') else B after 5 ns; Y <= not Y1 after 6 ns when (NEG_Y='1') else Y1 after 5 ns; MUX_0 <= A1 and B1 after 3 ns; MUX_1 <= A1 or B1 after 3 ns; MUX_2 <= A1 xor B1 after 4 ns; MUX_3 <= A1 xnor B1 after 5 ns; L<=L1 & L0; with (L) select Y1 <= MUX_0 after 7 ns when "00", MUX_1 after 6 ns when "01", MUX_2 after 8 ns when "10", MUX_3 after 7 ns when others; end MLU_DATAFLOW;

27. 27ECE 545 – Introduction to VHDL MLU - Architecture Body – Example 2 begin A1<= not A after MUX2_delay when (NEG_A='1') else A after MUX_2_delay; B1<= not B after MUX2_delay when (NEG_B='1') else B after MUX2_delay; Y <= not Y1 after MUX2_delay when (NEG_Y='1') else Y1 after MUX2_delay; MUX_0 <= A1 and B1 after GATE_delay; MUX_1 <= A1 or B1 after GATE_delay; MUX_2 <= A1 xor B1 after XOR_delay; MUX_3 <= A1 xnor B1 after XOR_delay; L<=L1 & L0; with (L) select Y1 <= MUX_0 after MUX4_delay when "00", MUX_1 after MUX4_delay when "01", MUX_2 after MUX4_delay when "10", MUX_3 after MUX4_delay when others; end MLU_DATAFLOW;

28. 28ECE 545 – Introduction to VHDL Delay constants constant MUX2_delay: time := 5 ns; constant GATE_delay: time := 3 ns; constant XOR_delay: time := 4 ns; constant MUX4_delay: time := 7 ns; Can be defined in the declarative portion of the architecture or in the package

29. 29ECE 545 – Introduction to VHDL Inertial delay model

30. 30ECE 545 – Introduction to VHDL Inertial delay model Short pulses (spikes) are not passed to the outputs of logic gates due to the inertia of physical systems. Logic gates behave like low pass filters and effectively filter out high frequency input changes as if they never occurred.

31. 31ECE 545 – Introduction to VHDL Inertial delay model - Example SIG_OUT <= not SIG_IN after 7 ns

32. 32ECE 545 – Introduction to VHDL VHDL-87 Inertial delay model Any input signal change that does not persist for at least a propagation delay of the device is not reflected at the output. inertial delay (pulse rejection limit) = propagation delay

33. 33ECE 545 – Introduction to VHDL VHDL-93 Enhanced inertial delay model VHDL-93 allows the inertial delay model to be declared explicitly as well as implicitly. Explicitly: Z_OUT <= inertial (not A_IN and B_IN and C_IN) or (A_IN and not B_IN and C_IN) or (A_IN and B_IN and not C_IN) or (A_IN and B_IN and C_IN) after 20 ns; Implicitly: Z_OUT <= (not A_IN and B_IN and C_IN) or (A_IN and not B_IN and C_IN) or (A_IN and B_IN and not C_IN) or (A_IN and B_IN and C_IN) after 20 ns;

34. 34ECE 545 – Introduction to VHDL VHDL-93 Enhanced inertial delay model VHDL-93 allows inertial delay, also called a pulse rejection limit, to be different from the propagation delay. SIG_OUT <= reject 5 ns inertial not SIG_IN after 7 ns;

35. 35ECE 545 – Introduction to VHDL Transport delay model With a transport delay model, all input signal changes are reflected at the output, regardless of how long the signal changes persist. Transport delay model must be declared explicitly using the keyword transport. Inertial delay model is a default delay model because it reflects better the actual behavior of logic components. Transport delay model is used for high-level modeling.

36. 36ECE 545 – Introduction to VHDL Transport delay model - Example SIG_OUT <= transport not SIG_IN after 7 ns

37. 37ECE 545 – Introduction to VHDL Other delay models Rise and Fall delays - a different delay for a transition 0→1 and a transition 1→0

38. 38ECE 545 – Introduction to VHDL Event-driven simulation

39. 39ECE 545 – Introduction to VHDL Event list as a linked list structure time signal new value List of events scheduled to occur at time t q

40. 40ECE 545 – Introduction to VHDL Event list as an array – Timing wheel time signal new value List of events scheduled to occur at time t c

41. 41ECE 545 – Introduction to VHDL Notation (i, v i ’) – an entry of the event list associated with the time t indicating that at the time t the value of signal i is scheduled to be set to v i ’ v(i) – current value at the output of gate i d(i) – nominal delay of gate i

42. 42ECE 545 – Introduction to VHDL Top-level algorithm while (event list not empty) begin t = next time in list process entries for time t end

43. 43ECE 545 – Introduction to VHDL Process entries for time t - Basic version Activated = Ø /* set of activated gates = empty set */ For every entry (i, v i ’) pending at the current time t if v i ’ ≠ v(i) then begin /* it is indeed an event */ v(i) = v i ’ /* update value of signal i */ for every j on the fanout list of i begin update input values of j add j to Activated end For every j  Activated begin vj’ = evaluate(j) schedule (j, v j ’) for time t+d(j) end

44. 44ECE 545 – Introduction to VHDL Event-driven simulation - example (z, 1) 81012 (z, 0) time

45. 45ECE 545 – Introduction to VHDL Notation lsv(j) – last scheduled value of j lst(j) – last scheduled time of j = time of the last event scheduled for signal j

46. 46ECE 545 – Introduction to VHDL Process entries for time t – True events only version – Two-pass algorithm Activated = Ø /* set of activated gates = empty set */ For every entry (i, v i ’) pending at the current time t if v i ’ ≠ v(i) then begin /* it is indeed an event */ v(i) = v i ’ /* update value of signal i */ for every j on the fanout list of i begin update input values of j add j to Activated end For every j  Activated begin v j ’ = evaluate(j) if v j ’ ≠ lsv(j) then begin schedule (j, v j ’) for time t+d(j) lsv(j) = v j ’ end

47. 47ECE 545 – Introduction to VHDL Process entries for time t – True events only version – One-pass algorithm For every entry (i, v i ’) pending at the current time t begin for every j on the fanout list of i begin update input values of j v j ’ = evaluate(j) if v j ’ ≠ lsv(j) then begin t’ = t + d(j) if t’ = lst(j) then cancel event (j, lsv(j)) at time t’ schedule (j, v j ’) for time t’ lsv(j) = v j ’ lst(j) = t’ end

48. 48ECE 545 – Introduction to VHDL Delta delay

49. 49ECE 545 – Introduction to VHDL Delta delay A propagation delay of 0 time units is equivalent to omitting the after clause and is called a delta delay. Used for functional simulation.

50. 50ECE 545 – Introduction to VHDL Two-dimensional aspect of time

51. 51ECE 545 – Introduction to VHDL Top-level algorithm while (event list not empty) begin t = next time in list process entries for time t end If next time in list = previous time then the previous iteration of the loop has advanced time by one delta delay

52. 52ECE 545 – Introduction to VHDL Transactions vs. Events

53. 53ECE 545 – Introduction to VHDL Transaction vs. Event T 5 = T 1 +20 ns Z_OUT transactions Z_OUT events (‘0’, T 1 + 20 ns) (‘1’, T 2 + 20 ns) (‘0’, T 3 + 20 ns) (‘1’, T 2 + 20 ns) (‘0’, T 3 + 20 ns)

54. 54ECE 545 – Introduction to VHDL Properties of signals Signals represent a time-ordered list of values denoting past, present and future values. This time history of a signal is called a waveform. A value/time pair (v, t) is called a transaction. If a transaction changes value of a signal, it is called an event.

55. 55ECE 545 – Introduction to VHDL Signal Attributes

56. 56ECE 545 – Introduction to VHDL Signal attributes (1) S’transaction- a signal of type bit that changes value from ‘0’ to ‘1’ or vice versa each time there is a transaction on S. S’event - True if there is an event on S in the current simulation cycle, false otherwise. S’active – True if there is a transaction on S in a given simulation cycle, false otherwise.

57. 57ECE 545 – Introduction to VHDL Signal attributes (2) S’last_event- The time interval since the last event on S. S’last_active - The time interval since the last transaction on S. S’last_value – The value of S just before the last event on S.

58. 58ECE 545 – Introduction to VHDL Signal attributes (3) S’delayed(T)- A signal that takes on the same value as S, but is delayed by time T. S’stable(T) - A Boolean signal that is true if there has been no event on S in the time interval T up to the current time, otherwise false. S’quiet(T) – A Boolean signal that is true if there has been no transaction on S in the time interval T up to the current time, otherwise false.

59. 59ECE 545 – Introduction to VHDL Detecting setup time violation if clk’event and clk=‘1’ then assert d’last_event >= setup_time report “Setup time violation”

60. 60ECE 545 – Introduction to VHDL Timing simulation after synthesis

61. 61ECE 545 – Introduction to VHDL Synthesis process Simulation before synthesis is used to verify circuit functionality and may differ from the one after synthesis Synthesis tool generates SDF (Standard Delay Format) as a standard delay file and the netlist for synthesized VHDL code with delays. Generated netlist contains many component instantiation statements with library references

62. 62ECE 545 – Introduction to VHDL SDF file ( DELAYFILE ( CELL( CELLTYPE “XOR”) ( INSTANCE U34.Z_VTX) ( DELAY( INCREMENT ( DEVICE 01 0.385090:0.385090:0.385090 (0.385090:0.385090:0.385090)(0.235177: 0.235177: 0.235177) ) ) ) ) A part of the SDF file is shown below. It indicates XOR gate delays (low to high, high to low) of minimum, typical and worst case timing

63. 63ECE 545 – Introduction to VHDL Netlist from the synthesis tool library IEEE; library TC200G; use IEEE.std_logic_1164.all; use TC200G.components.all; entity CONSYN is port( RSTn, CLK, D0, D1, D2, D3, D4, D5, D6, D7 : in std_logic; FF_OUT, COMB_OUT, FF_COMB_OUT : out std_logic); end CONSYN; architecture structural of CONSYN is signal XOR8, FF, n70, n71, n72, n73, n74, n75, n76, n67, n68, n69 : std_logic; begin FF_OUT <= FF; COMB_OUT <= XOR8; FF_reg : FD2 port map( Q => FF, QN => n75, D => XOR8, CP => CLK, CD => RSTn) ; U30 : MUX21L port map( Z => n71, A => n67, B => n68, S => n69); U31 : EN port map( Z => n67, A => D1, B => D0); U32 : IV port map( Z => n68, A => n67); U33 : EOP port map( Z => n69, A => D6, B => D7); U34 : EO3 port map( Z => n70, A => D3, B => D2, C => D4); U35 : EO port map( Z => n72, A => D5, B => n70); U36 : EOP port map( Z => XOR8, A => n72, B => n71); U37 : FA1A port map( S => n73, CO => n76, CI => D3, A => D2, B => FF); U38 : EO3 port map( Z => n74, A => n68, B => n73, C => D4); U39 : EOP port map( Z => FF_COMB_OUT, A => D5, B => n74); end structural;