1. 1 of 27 Ellesmere Island coast in Kennedy Channel, Aug.-12, 2009

2. Magnetic Compass unusuable: Kennedy Channel~2800 nT Fram Strait~ 5800 nT magnetic field strength Velocity: Long-Range Sonars Sonars send and receives acoustic waves Measured Doppler shift proportional to velocity 75 kHz transducers Rigid Backbone allowed to Pitch and Roll, but NOT Change Heading

3. Low-Pass Filtered Current Vectors at Center of Channel

4. 4 of 27 High-resolution Power-spectra of Depth-averaged Flow at KS10 All frequencies Diurnal band Semi-diurnal band

5. Mean Along-Channel Velocity (cm/s) Along-Channel Freshwater Flux (mSv per km per meter rel. to 34.8) Along-Channel velocity fluctuations (cm/s)

6. 6 of 40 2004/05 2003/04 2005/06 Three-year along-channel currents from ADCP mooring (KS02) Depth (m)

7. Winter (Landfast Ice) Summer (Mobile Ice) Spectral Density (cm/s)^2 per cpd 10 Days

8. 8 of 27 Spectral Density Volume Flux Spectral Density Along-Channel Sealevel Difference Cumulative Variance by frequency Cumulative Variance by time scale (1/frequency) Chosen Cut-Off Selection of Time Scale:

9. 9 of 27 Good Filter: Bad Filter: Filter Design Lanczos Raised Cosine Running Average Cut-Off: ~20 Days

10. 10 of 27 Residual root mean square: 0.19 Sv Correlation: r 2 =0.71 Regression: a= -0.84 Sv Regression b=8.54 Sv/m

11. 2-D Power-Spectrum (dispersion curves?) http://www.mps.mpg.de/projects/seismo/NA4/SW/power_spectrum.html From: Max-Planch Institute Solar Systems Research [Time Scale] [Space Scale]