1. US/Japan Workshop on Power Plant Studies and Related Advanced Technologies With EU Participation April 6-7, 2002, Hotel Hyatt Islandia, San Diego, CA Design Windows of Candidate Fusion Structural Materials Akihiko Kimura Institute of Advanced Energy Kyoto University

2. Contents IAE, Kyoto University 1. Requirements for Fusion Structural Materials 2. Candidates for FSM 4. Design Windows 3. Progress in R&D of Candidates 1) Reduced Activation Ferritic steels 2) Vanadium Alloys 3) SiC/SiC Composites 5. Summary

3. Requirements for Fusion Materials (1) IAE, Kyoto University ● 14MeV Neutron Irradiation (DT reaction) 14Mev Neutron Blanket 1) Heavy displacement damage (200 dpa) 2) High He and H concentration (0.5 at.%) 3) Low activation

4. Requirements for Fusion Materials (2) IAE, Kyoto University ● Blanket System Integration 14Mev Neutron First Wall Neutron Multiplier T-Breeder Plasma Coolant Blanket First Wall 1) Compatibility with coolant and breeder 2) Weld/Joint performance 3) Complex and synergetic effects

5. Requirements for Fusion Materials (3) IAE, Kyoto University ● Industrial Engineering Basis 0 2 4 6 8 10 (m) 1) Large-scale manufacturing 2) Impurity control 3) Cost

6. Reduced Activation Materials IAE, Kyoto University ● Safety and Environmental Performance Reduction of radioactive waste Some elements, such as Mo, Ag and Nb are strictly limited to a level less than 5 wt.ppm. ● Low-activation elements: C, Cr, W, V, Ta, Ti, Mn, Si, B, Fe Fe-9Cr-2W reduced activation ferritic steels V-4Cr-4Ti reduced activation vanadium alloys SiC/SiC composites

7. Candidates for Fusion Structural Material (1) IAE, Kyoto University 300 500 700 900 1100 20 304050 Coolant Temperature / °C Thermal Efficiency (%) F/M steel (Water or Gas Cooling Blanket) ODS steel （ Gas Cooling Blanket) V –alloy （ Self-cooling Liquid Blanket) SiC/SiC （ Gas Cooling Blanket) F/M steel 1. Fe-9Cr-2W reduced activation ferritic steels V alloy ODS steel 2. V-4Cr-4Ti reduced activation vanadium alloys SiC/SiC 3. SiC/SiC composites

8. Achievements of the Candidates IAE, Kyoto University Radiation Resistance Cost Performance Engineering Maturity Materials R&D Maturity (Data Base) Environmental Performance Operation Temperature (Thermal Efficiency) ●F/M Steel ■V-Alloy ○SiC/SiC By A. Kimura April, 2002

9. Ferritic Steels R&D (1) IAE, Kyoto University ● Improvement of Impact Properties (1) JMTR/363K, 0.006dpa: RT (2) MOTA/663K, 22dpa: RT (3) MOTA/663K, 35dpa: RT (4) MOTA/733K, 24dpa: RT (5) MOTA/683K, 36dpa: RT (a) JMTR/493K, 0.15dpa: RT (b) EBR-II/663K, 26dpa: RT (c) MOTA/638K, 7dpa: 638K (d) HFIR/323K, 5dpa: RT (e) HFIR/673K, 40dpa: 673K 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 -200-1000100200300400 9Cr-1Mo Shift in DBTT / K Irradiation Hardening / MPa (3) (b) (4) (5) (a) (c) (d) (e) 9Cr-2W (1) (2) (b) 580appm He 120appm He 9Cr-1Mo 01020304050 dpa 9Cr-2W 1) Higher resistance to irradiation embrittlement. 2) Saturation of irradiation embrittlement at 10 dpa ( above 100 dpa?) 9Cr-2W:by Kimura 9Cr-1Mo: by Klueh

10. Ferritic Steels R&D (2) IAE, Kyoto University ● Improvement of High Temperature Strength A significant increase in the creep strength has been obtained by increasing W conc. and/or mechanical alloying method. Irradiation study is in progress. 40 60 80 100 300 500 700 110 4 Applied Stress / MPa Rupture Time / hr F82H 650  C(SA) JLS-1 650  C(SA) JLS-2 650  C(SA) JLS-3 650  C(SA) 13Cr-ODS 700  C(SA) 13Cr-ODS 700  C(PT) 9Cr-ODS 700  C(SA) 9Cr-ODS 700  C(PT) 200 JLS:by Kohyama ODS:by Ukai 3 2

11. Ferritic Steels R&D (3) IAE, Kyoto University 0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 0200400600800 Tensile Stress (MPa) Temperature （℃） PNC-FMS PNC316 20%CW 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 0200400600800 Uniform Elongation(%) Temperature ( ℃） PNC-FMS ● Improvement of High Temperature Strength ODS steel (JNC) ODS steel

12. M11: 9Cr-0.12C-2W-0.2Ti-0.35Y 2 O 3 60 80 100 300 500 10100100010000 Hoop Stress (MPa) Time to Rupture (hr) PNC-FMS (650 ℃ ) PNC-FMS (700 ℃ ) PNC-FMS (750 ℃ ) 650 ℃ 750 ℃ 700 ℃ PNC316(650 ℃ ) (700 ℃ ) (750 ℃ ) Target Ferritic Steels R&D (4) IAE, Kyoto University ● Improvement of Creep Property ODS steel (JNC) Basic Chemical Composition ・ 9Cr-Martensitic ODS 9Cr-0.12C-2W-0.2Ti-0.35Y 2 O 3 Advanced radiation resistance due to reduced Cr content ・ 12Cr-ferritic ODS 12Cr-0.03C-2W-0.3Ti-0.25Y 2 O 3 Advanced corrosion resistance ・ Claddings manufactured by cold-rolling Mechanical Properties ・ Advantageous at higher temperature over 700 ℃ in creep rupture and tensile strength, comparing with PNC316 ・ Maintain good ductility Irradiation ・ Up to 15 dpa at 400 ℃ to 530 ℃ ・ Maintain strength and ductility without α’

13. Design Windows of RAFS IAE, Kyoto University Neutron wall loading MWa/m 2 02468101214161820 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500 Temperature (°C) DBTT increase by irradiation He effect (?) Void swelling (>1%) Thermal creep (1% creep strain at  y /3 ) He effect (?)

14. And More for Ferritic Steels IAE, Kyoto University ◎ Toward DEMO ●Data base ●Helium and hydrogen effects ●Compatibility issues ◎ Toward Power Reactor ● All the above ● RAFS/ODS combination design

15. Vanadium Alloys R&D (1) IAE, Kyoto University ● Ductility Improvement by Alloying ◎ Marked ductility loss by irradiation ◎ Internal oxidation technique Al, Si, Y addition Al 2 O 3, SiO 2, Y 2 O 3 Reduction of O in the matrix of vanadium Heat treatment condition is another concern. by Satoh and Abe

16. Vanadium Alloys R&D (2) IAE, Kyoto University ● Ductility Improvement by Purification V-4Cr-4Ti by Nagasaka and Muroga ◎ Oxygen: 80 wt.ppm Nitrogen: 130 wt.ppm 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 -200-150-100-50050100150 Absorbed energy / J Test temperature / C NIFS-HEAT-1 USDOE-HEAT C+N+O =475ppm C+N+O =290ppm

17. Vanadium Alloys R&D (3) IAE, Kyoto University ● Ductility Improvement by Processing Test Temperature, T/ o C Absorbed Energy, E/J ・ m -3 Final annealing: 1000 o C, 1h (a) 50%CW+IA(1000 o C, 1h)+50%CW (b) HIP(1300 o C, 147MPa, 2h)+50%CW (c) 75%CW (d) 50%CW (a) (b) (c) (d) ◎ Thermo-mechanical treatment lowering DBTT by Satoh and Abe

18. Vanadium Alloys R&D (4) IAE, Kyoto University ● Improvement of Oxidation Resistance 0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1 500600700750 V-4Cr-4Ti V-4Cr-4Ti-0.5Si V-4Cr-4Ti-0.5Al V-4Cr-4Ti-0.5Y Oxidation temperature (˚C) Weight gain (mg/mm 2 ) ◎ Addition of Al and Y appears to be effective to increase oxidation resistance at 700°C. by Fujiwara and Abe

19. Design Windows of V Alloys IAE, Kyoto University DBTT increase by low temperature irradiation He embrittlement (?) Thermal creep life at an applied stresses 110MPa (2/3 of the fracture stress) Void swelling (>2%) Neutron wall loading MWa/m 2 02468101214161820 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500 Temperature (°C)

20. And More for Vanadium Alloy IAE, Kyoto University ◎ Toward DEMO ●Data base ●Helium and hydrogen effects ●Coating technique ◎ Toward Power Reactor ● All the above ● Industry engineering basis (Spin-off to non-nuclear)

21. SiC/SiC Composites R&D (1) IAE, Kyoto University ● Improvement of Tensile Stress (PIP:Polymer Impregnation and Pyrolysis ) ◎ Good performance at stoichiometric composition by Kotani and Koyama

22. SiC/SiC Composites R&D (2) IAE, Kyoto University ● Improvement of Fabrication Technique Interfacial structure Matrix density Relatively large products by Yang and Noda

23. SiC/SiC Composites R&D (3) IAE, Kyoto University ● Improvement of Irradiation Response ◎ Development of new fiber (Type-S Nicalon) improved response of mechanical properties to neutron irradiation. The advanced fiber has an almost stichiometric composition. R&D of stoichiometric matrix SiC and appropriate interfacial structure. by Kohyama

24. SiC/SiC Composites R&D (4) IAE, Kyoto University ● Good Performance to 10 dpa ◎ No degradation of strength of stoichiometric Hi- Nicalon Type-S fibers. by Katoh and Koyama (?)

25. Design Windows of SiC/SiC IAE, Kyoto University Point defect swelling (>2%) Decrease in thermal conductivity Irradiation creep (?) Transmutation effect (?) Void swelling (>2%) Thermal creep Neutron wall loading MWa/m 2 02468101214161820 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500 Temperature (°C)

26. And More for SiC/SiC IAE, Kyoto University ◎ Toward DEMO ●Data base ●Helium and hydrogen effects ●Fracture toughness (Interfacial structure) ◎ Toward Power Reactor ● All the above ● Radiation resistance ●Production of large components

27. R&D Roadmaps IAE, Kyoto University 400 dpa200 dpa100 dpa CDA &EDA *fracture toughness, *matrix coating, *matrix/fiber *processing R&D, *leak rate, *weld/joint R&D DEMO H. Load: 10MWa/m 2 Temp.: 550°C *Irradiation effects, *matrix *fiber, *complex, *boundary issues *need purification O,N,C <10wt.ppm *coating tech. *need processing R&D and weld/joint tech. *ready for ITER test blanket module Construction and Operation Reconstruction and Operation Construction and Operation 1 st Plasma CDA &EDA System startup Testing Generation of power ITER H. Load: 0.3MWa/m 2 Temp.: <150°C Coolant: H 2 O Reduced Activation ODS steels V-4Cr-4Ti Alloys SiC/SiC Composites *ready for ITER SUS316L(N)-ITER Grade (0.06-0.08%N) SUS30467(2%B) for shielding F82H, JLF-1 (Martensitic steels) 92-ODS steels HP-V-4Cr-4Ti Alloys LS-SiC/SiC JLF92H/92ODS Composites JLF92H 1 st Material Selection POWER REACTOR H. Load: 20-40MWa/m 2 Temp.: 600-800°C DBTT<383K  y > 220MPa 10 5 hr at  =100MPa DBTT<383K 10 5 hr at  =110MPa DBTT<383K 10 5 hr at  =110MPa 2 nd Material Selection ODS-V-4Cr-4Ti-Y,Al LS-3D-SiC/SiC Requirements *Heat loading: 20-40MWa/m 2 *Transmutation He: 3000-6000atppm *Heat efficiency: >50% ITER 1 st Plasma Shift to DEMO DEMO startupPower reactor 3 rd Material Selection IFMIF CDA &EDAConstructionTesting *Engineering bases *Large components Testing

28. Summary IAE, Kyoto University 1.Ferritic steel is the first candidate of fusion blanket structural materials. The issue of high thermal efficiency can be solved by application of ODS steel. Combined utilization of ferritic steel and ODS steel is quite promising for power reactor. 2.Vanadium alloys and SiC/SiC composites are also desirable for fusion power reactors. Extensive improvements have been achieved so far. R&D of material processing for production of large-scale component is strongly demanded.

29. Conclusion IAE, Kyoto University Radiation Resistance Cost Performance Engineering Maturity Materials R&D Maturity (Data Base) Environmental Safety Operation Temperature (Thermal Efficiency) ●F/M Steel ■V-Alloy ○SiC/SiC By A. Kimura July, 2001 The solutions will be discovered by you!!