1. 1 BIEN425 – Lecture 10 By the end of the lecture, you should be able to: –Describe the reason and remedy of DFT leakage –Design and implement FIR filters using rectangular, Hanning, Hamming and Blackman windowing methods

2. 2 DFT leakage Leakage occurs because the DFT X(i) produces accurate results only when input data has energy precisely at discrete analysis frequencies given by if s /N. What happens if input signal has component at intermediate frequencies? This is due to correlation between two waves, one of which does not have an integral number of cycles in N points; therefore the sum for the correlation computation is not zero.

3. 3 Recall the convolution theorem, notice that when we sample we not only multiply by an impulse train but also by a rectangular window. We previous stated that our discrete frequency spectrum is the convolution of an impulse train with the TRUE frequency spectrum of our signal In reality, we are taking the convolution of an impulse train with the frequency spectrum of a rectangular function - the result of this is then convolved with the TRUE frequency spectrum of our signal.

4. 4 Why rectangular windows?

5. 5 Spectrum of rectangular window For N points and window (unit value) length of K, we can obtain the frequency spectrum which takes the form of Dirichlet Kernel (Lecture10.m) First zero of the mainlobe occurs at n = N/K. Mainlobe

6. 6 When we do a DFT, we convolve the Dirichlet kernel with the impulse train. Instead of getting spikes for pure sinusoids, we get leakages. To deal with this problem, we typically use a window with a different Fourier transform than the rectangle. This is also known as apodization, which literally means “chop the feet off.” This expression refers to the reduction of the magnitude of sidelobes in the window frequency spectrum. Matlab example

7. 7 Some windows

8. 8 Filter transfer function can be re-written as: First we determine h(i) based on our filter specs, then we decide the windows w(i)

9. 9 Finding h(i) Type 1 and Type 2: In general, given a m-th order linear phase filter exhibiting even-symmetric about i=m/2, with group delay  =mT/2

10. 10 Similarly for Type 3 and 4 linear phase filters: To find h(i), simply insert the right form of A r (f) based on the filter characteristics into the correct equation.

11. 11 In general, for Type 1 linear-phase filter with order m=2p, h(k) can be written as follows

12. 12 Example

13. 13 General strategy (ideal) Pick m Pick a window w(i) Pick a Type 1 ideal impulse response h(i) from Table 6.1 Compute b i = w(i)h(i) Compute H(z)

14. 14 Example

15. 15 Comparing windows For a general m-th order FIR low pass filter, we compare the transition bandwidth, passband ripple and stopband attenuation Transition bandwidth (|F s -F p |/f s ) Passband ripple A p (dB) Stopband attenuation A s (dB) Rectangular 0.9/m0.74221 Hanning 3.1/m0.05544 Hamming 3.3/m0.01953 Blackman 5.5/m0.001575.4

16. 16 General strategy (non-ideal) Pick m Pick a window w(i) Pick A r (f) Compute b i = w(i)h(i) based on your filter type (1-4) –For Type 1 and 2 –For Type 3 and 4 Compute H(z)