1. Cold War 1945-1991

2. The Conferences Between Allies Tehran – Stalin/FDR/Churchill aka Big Three (USSAR/GB/US) – 11/43 – Decided how to end war w/G Would attack G by way of invading Fr Meant USSR would come through east E and have claim to those countries in the future

3. The Conferences (con’t) Yalta – Big Three met 2/45 – Free elections in Poland, rest of EE to be determined – USSR attacks J, US gives islands plus warm water ports in Manchuria to USSR – G must surrender unconditionally – G divided into 4 zones: Br/Fr/US/USSR

4. Conferences con’t Potsdam Truman replaced FDR (died 4/45) 7/45 Truman wants free elections in rest of EE Stalin refuses as a way to protect USSR from invasion

5. Cold War begins Churchill coins phrase “iron curtain;” communist countries exist behind an “ic.” Fear of communism spreading around the world, had to be stopped by democratic nations Superpowers: USSR and US had nuclear weapons and were seen as only being defeated by each other Truman Doctrine: US will give aid to any country threatened by communist expansion Marshall Plan: provided $ to rebuild war-torn Eur, including W. G., US loans money and Eur buys US goods to rebuild

6. Cold War terms cont Containment policy: communism was trying to expand and US did everything it could to contain C w/in its borders Berlin: divided into communist east and free west Berlin Airlift: USSR blocked road access to Berlin, US airlifts supplies for 1 yr to overcome blockade; 1 st Cold War incident

7. Further Cold War United Nations: formed as org. that gave voice to all nations in the world – Controlled by Security Council (made decisions) – General Council made up of all nations Arms race: each side works to create more powerful weapons to defeat the other side – ICBM’s – Missile gap Deterrence: excuse for nuclear weapons—enemy will not attack if it knows the response will be a nuclear bomb

8. Cold War Alliances NATO – North Atlantic Treaty Organization – US/Can/GB/FR (off and on)/Italy, … Warsaw Pact – USSR and EE (satellite) nations

9. Korean War 1 st Cold War “Hot” war (actual fighting) UN v. N. Korea/USSR/ and later Communist China

10. USSR Khrushchev replaces Stalin – De-Stalinization – Berlin Wall built – Space race (‘57) Sputnik 1 st satellite launched into space; US behind USSR in SR – ‘56 Hungarian revolt against Soviet communism – ‘68 Czechs revolt – Both fail, brutally put down

11. Cuban Missile Crisis 1959 Fidel Castro overthrows Cuban gov’t and turns Cuba into a communist country Bay of Pigs: US attempts to support overthrow of Castro, fails Oct. 1962 USSR/Cuba v US Nuclear missiles from USSR to be installed in Cuba (that could reach the Eastern US) in response to BoPs 13 days USSR “blinks” and removes missiles, Kennedy “wins” Hot line installed Khrushchev eventually out as USSR leader

12. Domino theory Like a line of dominos where the 1 st is pushed over and the rest fall one by one, the US believes that one country will become communist, then the next, then the next, until only the US is left Vietnam War, Nicaragua – VW: 64-73 US and SVN v NVN and USSR – Johnson/Nixon v Ho Chi Minh – 1 st war US loses despite its military superiority

13. End of Cold War RR president of US Brezhnev leader of USSR Détente: friendlier relations between US /USSR Gorbachev: new leader of USSR, last to lead USSR before Cold War ends Poland 1 st nation to break away from USSR USSR falls in 1991, Cold War over

14. Post Cold War Rise of independent nations not affiliated w/East (USSR) or West (US) Persian Gulf War Iraq War 9/11 Arab Spring