2. © 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved 27-1 The Circulatory System Human Biology 11 Ms. Bowie Student Edition

3. © 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved 27-2 Learning Outcomes  Describe the structure of the heart and the function of each part.  Trace the flow of blood through the heart.  List the most common heart sounds and what events produce them.  List the different types of blood vessels and describe the functions of each.  Trace the flow of blood through the pulmonary and systemic circulation.  List the different types of blood vessels and describe the functions of each.  Trace the flow of blood through the pulmonary and systemic circulation.

4. © 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved 27-3 Learning Outcomes (cont.)  List and describe the components of blood.  Give the functions of red blood cells, the white blood cells, and platelets.  List the substances normally found in plasma.  Explain how bleeding is controlled.  Explain the differences among blood types A, B, AB, and O.  Describe the causes, signs and symptoms, and treatments of various diseases and disorders of the cardiovascular system.

5. © 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved HEART STRUCTURES Part 1 27-4

6. © 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved 27-5 Introduction  The circulatory system consists of the _________________ and __________________  Blood is sent to: The _____________________ for oxygen Digestive system for _____________________ Every cell of the body to deliver “products”  It also circulates ________________________to certain organ systems for removal from the blood

7. © 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved 27-6 The Heart: Structures  The heart is an organ about the size of a loose _____________  Located slightly left of the midline

8. © 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved 27-7 The Heart: Structures (cont.)  The Heart has 4 chambers Two ______________  Upper chambers  Thin walled  Left and right  Separated by a ________________ Two _____________  Lower chambers  Thick walls  Left and right  Separated by a septum

9. © 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved 27-8 The Heart Valves: Structures (cont.)  ____________________ valve – prevents blood from flowing back into the right atrium when the right ventricle contracts  ____________________valve – prevents blood from flowing back into the left atrium when the left ventricle contracts  ____________________ valve – prevents blood from flowing back into the right ventricle  ____________________ valve – prevents blood from flowing back into the left ventricle

10. © 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved 27-9 The Heart Labeled

11. © 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved PULMONARY SYSTEM OF CIRCULATION Part 2 27-10

12. © 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved 27-11 The Heart: Blood Flow Deoxygenated blood in from body Oxygenated blood in lungs Atria ContractVentricles Contract Deoxygenated blood sent to the lungs Oxygenated blood out to body

13. © 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved 27-12 The Heart: The Pulmonary Circuit The pulmonary system explains the flow of blood through the _________________________ & ______________________. It does not include the rest of the body.

14. © 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved SYSTEMIC CIRCULATION OF THE BLOOD Part 3 27-13

15. © 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved 27-14 Blood Vessels: Arteries and Arterioles  Carry blood ___________ from the heart  __________________ of the blood vessels  Under _________ pressure  Arterioles ____________ branches of arteries  Aorta Takes blood from the heart to _____________ Gives an extra “____________”  Coronary arteries Supply blood to _____________ muscle

16. © 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved 27-15 Blood Vessels: Veins and Venules  Blood under _____ pressure in veins Moves blood ________ to the ______________ Low pressure means that the blood needs help to get back to the heart ______________contractions in the body help move blood  _____________ in the veins prevent backflow  Venules Small vessels formed when ______________________ merge  Superior and inferior vena cava Largest ________________ Carry blood into ___________ atrium

17. © 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved 27-16 Blood Vessels: Capillaries  _____________________ branches of arterioles  _____________________ type of blood vessel  Connect arterioles to _______________________  Only about ________________________layer thick  ___________________ and nutrients can pass out of a capillary into a body cell  ___________________________and other waste products pass out of a body cell into a capillary

18. © 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved 27-17 The Heart: Cardiac Cycle  The systemic circulation describes the flow of blood through the vessels that supply the body. It does not include the lungs.

19. © 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved HEART BEAT CARDIAC RHYTHM Part 4 27-18

20. © 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved 27-19 The Heart: Heart Sounds One cardiac cycle – _______ heart sounds (lubb and dubb) when valves in the heart snap shut Lubb – First sound  When the ventricles contract, the tricuspid and mitral ___________________ snap shut Dubb – Second sound  When the atria contract and the pulmonary and aortic ___________________ snap shut

21. © 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved 27-20

22. © 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved COMPOSITION OF THE BLOOD Part 5 27-21

23. © 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved 27-22 Blood Composition

24. © 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved 27-23 Blood  A tissue made up of: __________ blood cells (erythrocytes) __________ blood cells (leukocytes) Platelets – cell fragments Plasma – ____________ part of blood Average-sized adult has 4 to 6 liters of blood Amount depends on:  Size of person  Amount of fat tissue  Gender - females have less than males Average-sized adult has 4 to 6 liters of blood Amount depends on:  Size of person  Amount of fat tissue  Gender - females have less than males

25. © 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved 27-24 Blood Components: Red Blood Cells  Erythrocytes Another name for ___________ blood cells  Transports ________________ throughout the body  Hemoglobin is a pigment in RBCs Oxyhemoglobin carries oxygen; _______________ red Deoxyhemoglobin does not carry oxygen; _________ red  Carries carbon dioxide Blood is _______________ actually _______________! ____________________  Is a condition where a person has a low red blood cell count

26. © 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved 27-25 Blood Components: Platelets  Platelets form _______________that are important in the blood __________ process.

27. © 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved 27-26 Blood Components: Plasma  Liquid portion of blood composed mostly of _________________  Proteins Albumins  Pull water in to the blood & help maintain blood pressure Globulins – transport fats and __________________ Fibrinogen – the “_____________” that holds platelets together and are needed for blood clotting  Nutrients Amino acids ______________________ Nucleotides Lipids from the digestive tract  Gases – oxygen, carbon dioxide, and nitrogen  Electrolytes  Waste products

28. © 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved BLOOD TYPES Part 6 27-27

29. © 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved 27-28 Blood Types  Types are distinguished by antigen (“think – gang colours”) and antibodies  There are 4 main types: Antigen ___ (Type A blood) Antigen ___ (Type B blood) Combination ________(AB) (Type AB blood) No Antigens at all (called _______ Type)

30. © 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved 27-29 Blood Types (cont.) Blood TypeAntigen Present (Gang colours) Antibody Present (attackers) People with this blood type can receive: AABTypes A and O BBATypes B and O AB None ALL Blood Types A, B, AB, and O ONoneA and BOnly Type O

31. © 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved HEART DISEASE SIGNS & SYMPTOMS Part 7 27-30

32. © 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved 27-31 Diseases and Disorders of the Cardiovascular System DiseaseDescription AnemiaThe blood does not have enough red blood cells or hemoglobin to carry an adequate amount of oxygen to the body’s cells AneurysmA ballooned, weakened arterial wall ArrhythmiasAbnormal heart rhythms CarditisInflammation of the heart EndocarditisInflammation of the innermost lining of the heart, including valves

33. © 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved 27-32 DiseaseDescription MyocarditisInflammation of the muscular layer of the heart PericarditisInflammation of the membranes that surround the heart (pericardium) Congestive Heart Failure Weakening of the heart over time; heart is unable to pump enough blood to meet body’s needs Coronary Artery Disease (CAD) Atherosclerosis; narrowing of coronary arteries caused by hardening of the fatty plaque deposits within the arteries Diseases and Disorders of the Cardiovascular System (cont.)

34. © 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved 27-33 DiseaseDescription HypertensionHigh blood pressure; consistent resting blood pressure equal to or greater than 140/90 mm Hg LeukemiaBone marrow produces a large number of abnormal WBCs MurmursAbnormal heart sounds Myocardial Infarction Heart attack; damage to cardiac muscle due to a lack of blood supply Diseases and Disorders of the Cardiovascular System (cont.)

35. © 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved 27-34 DiseaseDescription Sickle Cell Anemia Abnormal hemoglobin causes RBCs to change to a sickle shape; abnormal cells stick in capillaries ThalassemiaInherited form of anemia; defective hemoglobin chain causes, small, pale, and short-lived RBCs Thrombophlebitis Blood clots and inflammation develops in a vein Varicose VeinsTwisted, dilated veins Diseases and Disorders of the Cardiovascular System (cont.)

36. © 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved 27-35 Apply Your Knowledge ANSWER: Anemia is a condition in which a person does not have enough red blood cells or hemoglobin in the blood to carry an adequate amount of oxygen to body cells. The doctor has told your patient she has anemia. How would you explain this to the her? Bravo!

37. © 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved 27-36 In Summary  Circulatory system Transport system for body Heart, arteries, veins, and capillaries  Blood Transport medium RBCs, WBCs, platelets, plasma