1. Blood Pressure Required to move blood and all its constituents throughout the body

2. What is blood pressure? The pressure of blood against the walls of the arteries Blood pressure is caused by two forces: – The heart pumping blood into the arteries – The opposite force of the arteries resisting blood flow

3. Animated cardiac cycle First, the physiology... Then, how it can create a graph... http://library.med.utah.edu/kw/pharm/hyper _heart1.html http://library.med.utah.edu/kw/pharm/hyper _heart1.html

5. Heart Rate Each heart beat spreads out from one point on the heart – the sino-atrial node, or SA Node. http://highered.mcgraw- hill.com/sites/0072495855/student_view0/ch apter22/animation__conducting_system_of_t he_heart.html http://highered.mcgraw- hill.com/sites/0072495855/student_view0/ch apter22/animation__conducting_system_of_t he_heart.html

6. Heart Rate What’s your current heart rate? The cardiac cycle is what takes place over one heart beat. If the heart rate of an individual is 60 beats per minute, what is the length of the cardiac cycle for that individual?

7. How is blood pressure measured? The higher number is known as the SYSTOLIC pressure – while the heart contracts to pump blood to the body. The lower number is known as the DIASTOLIC pressure – when the heart relaxes between beats.

8. All these numbers... The systolic pressure is always first. – For example: 118/76 (118 over 76); – systolic = 118, diastolic = 76. Blood pressure of 120 /80 mmHg (millimeters of mercury) is NORMAL for adults - Systolic blood pressure ranges between 90 and 120mmHg; diastolic pressure between 60 and 80mmHg

9. All these numbers... A blood pressure reading of 140 /90 is HIGH A systolic pressure of 120 to 139 mmHg or a diastolic pressure of 80 to 89 mmHg is considered "prehypertension" and needs to be watched carefully.

10. Mean Arterial Pressure (MAP) Averages! Hurray! A little more complicated... DP = diastolic pressure SP = Systolic pressure Simply – the average pressure over all of the cardiac cycle

12. Why is it important? Low blood pressure will mean that there is a low perfusion of blood through the end organs – they will not be able to respire enough to function properly and so eventually tissue damage will occur. Most often, low blood pressure results in feeling faint or dizzy. High blood pressure puts stress on the walls of the blood vessels and may lead to tissue growth. It is also a risk factor for strokes, heart attacks and renal failure

13. TASKS Worksheet – answer questions 1 – 10

14. Quick Recap on the Nervous System Control of all biological mechanisms Split into the SYMPATHETIC and PARASYMPATHETIC systems Sympathetic – Stimulates (e.g. Increases heart rate) Parasympathetic – Inhibits (e.g. Decreases heart rate)

15. Physiological Control Baroreceptors in the carotid sinus and aortic arch Information to VMC – vasomotor centre Negative feedback loops attempt to restore the blood pressure back to normal

16. Baroreceptors Low BP = low rate of activity Decreased activity (lowering the BP) stimulates the sympathetic nervous system

17. Lowered blood pressure - hypotension Activates sympathetic nervous system – Vasoconstriction – Increased contraction within the heart Fluid shifts from interstitial spaces (between cells) into the blood – increased blood volume

18. Lowered blood pressure - hypotension Hormonal mechanisms – Adrenaline and noradrenaline increase vasoconstriction and cardiac output – Renin and angiotensin production is increased in the kidney – potent vasoconstriction – ADH can be released by the hypothalamus as a response to excessive blood loss – The kidney is the most important organ for long term blood pressure control

19. http://www.nda.ox.ac.uk/wfsa/html/u01/u01c_p02.htm

20. Baroreceptors High BP = high rate of activity Increased activity (raising the BP) stimulates the parasympathetic nervous system

21. Raised blood pressure - hypertension Activates parasympathetic nervous system – Vasodilation – Reduced contraction within the heart Fluid shifts from blood into interstitial spaces (between cells) – decreased blood volume Vasodilator hormones are released