1. Neural coding (1) LECTURE 8

2. I.Introduction − Topographic Maps in Cortex − Synesthesia − Firing rates and tuning curves

3. Why Neural Coding? Neural Activity (internal representation) Mental Operation Encoding Decoding A way for us to understand high-level brain functions (in the views of information theory and statistical inference) It answers: –How external stimuli are represented in the form of neural activities (internal representation)? –How this internal representation is further read-out in neural systems? External Stimulus

4. Different areas of the cerebral cortex carry out different functions (Gazzaniga et al., Cognitive Neuroscience)

5. ‘Where’: the motion and spatial location ‘What’: form recognition and object representation (detailed features like colour) and also long-term memory ‘Where’ and ‘What’ visual information pathways in object recognition (Gazzaniga et al., Cognitive Neuroscience)

6. Visual feature processing from simple to complex (Gazzaniga et al., Cognitive Neuroscience)

7. Topographic maps in cortex － Each visual sensitive cell only responses to stimuli a limited region (receptive field) － Neighbouring cells have partially overlapping receptive fields － Neighboring points in a visual image evoke activity in neighboring regions of visual cortex. － In this manner, the visual system easily maintain the information of the spatial location of stimulus (Dayan and Abbott 2001) Retinotopic Map

8. The tonotopic map in the auditory areas The sound frequency is orderly mapped in the auditory cortex (Gazzaniga et al., Cognitive Neuroscience)

9. The topographic maps in the somatosensory and motor cortex (Gazzaniga et al., Cognitive Neuroscience)

10. Examples of synesthesia When a man looks at printed black numbers, he sees them in color A girl sees blue when she listens to the note C played on the piano; other notes evoke different hues People with synesthesia can provide valuable clues to understanding the organization and function of the human brain Neural cross wiring may lie at the root of synesthesia

11. Tastes experienced by synaesthete E.S. E.S.-- a 27-year-old professional musician who is female,right- handed and of average intelligence (Beeli, Esslen, Jäncke, 2005)

12. (Ramachandran and Hubbard 2003)

13. Rate coding: Information is encoded in the firing rate. Temporal coding: The fine structure of the pattern of inter-spike intervals (ISIs) contains information

14. Tuning curve Neuronal responses typically depend on many different properties of a stimulus. Tuning curve of the average firing rate can be measured by only considering one of the stimulus attributes From a neuron in the primary visual cortex of a monkey Gaussian tuning curve

15. Recordings from the primary motor cortex of a monkey performing an arm reaching task

16. Firing rate versus head direction plot for a typical head direction cell

17. Irregularity of cortical neural responses Tuning curves allow us to predict the average firing rate, but they do not describe how the spike-count firing rate varies about its mean value from trial to trial While the map from stimulus to average response may be described deterministically, it is likely that single-trial responses can only be modeled in a probabilistic manner The Poisson process provides an extremely useful approximation of stochastic neuronal firing

18. The probability that any sequence of n spikes occurs within a trial of duration T obey the Poisson distribution: Simulating Poisson spike sequences:

19. Comparison with data From an MT neuron responding to a moving random dot image Interspike interval histogram generated from a Poisson model (Dayan and Abbott 2001)

20. Single neuron level: － Unreliable release of neuro-transmitters － Stochasticity in channel gating － Fluctuations in the membrane potential Network level: － Neurons are randomly connected with each other － Background stimuli from a changing environment to neural systems Where is the neural response variability from? Two cases The homogeneous Poisson process: the firing rate is constant over time The inhomogeneous Poisson process: involves a time-dependent firing rate

21. Key points: 1.Topographic maps in cortex 2.Tuning curve 3.Spike-train statistics