1. 1 Analytical Tools  Critical Thinking CALIS is an outreach project of the School of International Relations Four Worlds

2. 22 Four Worlds of History Social Science Factors basic factors of the human condition PoliticalEconomic SocialCultural Geography / Technology / Character

3. 3 Four Worlds of History Social Science Factors Identifying factors, relating factors, and is the science of the social sciences. determining the “most important" factors the science social sciences

4. 4 Common Core State Standards…CCSS Bottom Line Common Core Standards Critical Thinking Skills =

5. 5 Common Core State Standards…CCSS Bottom Line Common Core Standards Critical Thinking Skills = Argument, Reasoning, Logic Evidence

6. 6 Cause & Effect What tools can enable students to uncover history & human dynamics? 2. How does the table support critical thinking? 7 th grade World History Medieval and Early Modern Times, McDougal-Littell, 2006 1. How does the table enable students to practice a skill?

7. 7 Four Worlds of History Social Science Factors The absolute PRIORITY of the 4W model purposeful meaningful relevant critical elements of being student-centered

8. 8 Four Worlds of History Social Science Factors The absolute PURPOSE of the 4W model student-driven analysis toward independent critical thinking critical elements of being student-centered

9. 9 Factoring The Math Analogy

10. 10 Factoring The Math Analogy How fast can you generate a list of factors?

11. 11 Factoring The Math Analogy How fast can you generate a list of factors? Factors of 72:

12. 12 Factoring The Math Analogy How fast can you generate a list of factors? Factors of 72: 72 36 24 18 12 9 123468123468

13. 13 Factoring The Math Analogy How fast can you generate a list of factors? Factors of 72: “Factoring is like taking a number apart. It means to express a number as the 72 36 24 18 12 9 123468123468 product of its factors.” math.com

14. 14 72 172 236 324 418 612 8 9 96 Factoring The Math Analogy Greatest Common Factor

15. 15 72 172 236 324 418 612 8 9 96 196 248 332 424 616 812 Factoring The Math Analogy Greatest Common Factor

16. 16 72 96 Factoring The Math Analogy Greatest Common Factor 72 36 24 18 12 9 196 248 332 424 616 812 123468123468 123468123468 24 12

17. 17 Factoring is like taking a number apart. It means to express a number as the product of its factors. Factoring is like taking an issue apart. It means to express an event, situation, condition, society, etc. as the product of its factors. In Math… math.com In Social Science… …or the product of missing factors …or a likely product given a similar context...or the intersection of one or more sets. …or influenced by this set of variables usc.edu/calis Factoring The Math Analogy

18. 18 In social science, some factors are concrete Factoring But unlike math… …some factors are concepts …and factors are very different in different contexts

19. 19 Handout Social Science Factors reference sheet 2 produce different types of societies throughout history and around the world today. These concepts are “factors” of the human condition – that when combined in different ways – while others help establish more order and greater stability. Some factors are basic to survival Some of these factors are needed for a thriving, more humane existence. Societies have strengths or weaknesses across these factors. Absence or loss of certain factors can lead to the decline of a society.

20. 20 Political WorldEconomic World Social World Cultural World 0.0 - Four Worlds of History: Social Science Factors Activities Database reference sheet 1 Which factors make slavery a part of all Four Worlds? slavery

21. 21 Political WorldEconomic World Social World labor classcustom rights slavery Which factors make slavery a part of all Four Worlds? factors Cultural World

22. 22 Political WorldEconomic World Social World labor classcustom rights hierarchy segregation equity status privilege cost of production legal system beliefs identity slavery shared values Which factors make slavery a part of all Four Worlds? factors Cultural World

23. 23 Political WorldEconomic World Social World labor classcustom rights hierarchy segregation equity status privilege cost of production legal system beliefs identity slavery shared values Which factors make slavery a part of all Four Worlds? factors Factors are simultaneous yet distinct. A “Four Worlds” analysis of human factors enables teachers & students to easily illustrate detail & complexity. Cultural World

24. 24 Political WorldEconomic World Social World labor system class system custom rights hierarchy segregation equity status privilege cost of production legal system belief system identity slavery Studying each context, is any one factor or world the primary cause of slavery? The root cause of slavery? What are secondary or contributing causes? cause and effect shared values Cultural World

25. 25 Political WorldEconomic World Social World labor class custom rights hierarchy segregation equity status privilege division of labor cost of production legal system Abolitionist ideas & values start here beliefs identity challenge the status quo protest change the status quo Not everyone’s beliefs change change slavery Given the many factors involved, what is the best approach to abolishing slavery? problem-solving shared values Cultural World

26. 26 Social Science Factors Political WorldEconomic World Social WorldCultural World How fast can you generate a list of factors?

27. 27 Social Science Factors Political WorldEconomic World Social WorldCultural World How fast can you generate a list of factors? stability

28. 28 Social Science Factors Political WorldEconomic World Social WorldCultural World stability Factors that produce stability leadership resources accountability shared values produce

29. 29 Social Science Factors Political WorldEconomic World Social WorldCultural World stability Factors that produce stability leadership order security resources production prosperity accountability equity common good shared values identity meaning produce

30. 30 Political WorldEconomic World Social WorldCultural World stability Which factors are MOST IMPORTANT to stability? leadership order security resources production prosperity accountability equity common good shared values identity meaning factors

31. 31 Political WorldEconomic World Social WorldCultural World stability Is any one world MORE IMPORTANT to stability? leadership order security resources production prosperity accountability equity common good shared values identity meaning world

32. 32 If the transfer of power is not clear, If then what are the possible outcomes? then And when it comes to stability…

33. 33 If the transfer of power is not clear, If then what are the likely outcomes? then Speculation & Predictions Cause & Effect Reasoning Theory Building Hypothesis Testing What is your logic & evidence? Got stability?

34. 34 If the transfer of power is not clear, If then what are the possible outcomes? then  power struggle  coup  assassination  civil war  vulnerability to attack - possibly to complete takeover, conquest  decline and suffering - possibly complete collapse Got stability? What is your logic & evidence?

35. 35 If the transfer of power is not clear, If then what are the possible outcomes? then Got stability? Political WorldEconomic World Social WorldCultural World What factors can complicate the transfer of power?

36. 36 If the transfer of power is not clear, If then what are the possible outcomes? then Got stability? Political WorldEconomic World Social WorldCultural World What factors can complicate the transfer of power? a lack of… common identity resource security legitimate authority equity It’s not just factors that are present. It might be factors that are missing or “too weak”. factors

37. 37 Factoring is like taking a number apart. It means to express a number as the product of its factors. In Math… math.com Factoring The Math Analogy

38. 38 Political WorldEconomic World Social WorldCultural World Got power? power What are the different dimensions & varying implications of power?

39. 39 Political WorldEconomic World Social WorldCultural World Got power? power power of ideas power of authority power of ingenuity power of solidarity What are the different dimensions & varying implications of power?

40. 40 Political WorldEconomic World Social WorldCultural World Got power? power of privilege power power of ideas power of beliefs power of authority power of ingenuity power of solidarity power of force power of resources What are the different dimensions & varying implications of power?

41. 41 PoliticalEconomic SocialCultural Causes & Effects of the Reformation People were more willing to support Protestant ideas that ended these taxes. People disliked having to pay taxes to the Church in Rome. More people became aware of Protestant belief systems. The printing press helped to spread ideas critical of the Church. Only clergy were allowed to interpret the Bible. Reformers translated the Bible By becoming Protestant, European leaders limited the pope’s local political influence. Some European leaders saw the pope as interfering in their political affairs through local churches. cause effect so that people could interpret it for themselves. printing press ideas belief systems

42. 42 PoliticalEconomic SocialCultural Causes & Effects of the Reformation People were more willing to support Protestant ideas that ended these taxes. People disliked having to pay taxes to the Church in Rome. taxes More people became aware of Protestant belief systems. The printing press helped to spread ideas critical of the Church. status beliefs Only clergy were allowed to interpret the Bible. technology Reformers translated the Bible hierarchy By becoming Protestant, European leaders limited the pope’s local political influence. Some European leaders saw the pope as interfering in their political affairs through local churches. cause effect power incentive so that people could interpret it for themselves. access printing press roles equity advocates news & media authority identity

43. 43 PoliticalEconomic SocialCultural What factors fueled the Protestant Reformation? power Catholic Church had political power as an institution that owned --% of the land and imposed taxes European leaders who converted to Protestant faith did not have to follow “authority” of pope a corrupt church p 462 p 430 trade Growth of trading cities p 436 p 449 p 463 p 449 Reopening of Silk Road cultural transmission news & media literacy & education equity & access new beliefs meaning / comfort / hope Church practices vs Catholic beliefs ▪ indulgences ▪ salvation through good deeds Access to books greatly increased the spread of ideas  which fueled new ideas More authors / More readers Luther challenges both practices & beliefs and gains support from other challengers ▪ Luther: salvation only through faith in Christ – p 464 ▪ Calvin: salvation only through predestination – p 472 printing press technology conflict