1. Text Book: Separation Process Principles by J. D. Seader, Ernest J. Henley, Second Edition, 2006 CHE 334: SEPARATION PROCESSES Dr. Saad Al-Shahrani بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم References: 1.Separation Processes by King, C.J., 2nd ed. Mc Graw Hill (1980). 2.http://www.separationprocesses.com/Mainmenu.htm. Dr Saad Al-ShahraniChE 334: Separation Processes

9.  What are separation processes?  The main goal of separation process is to purify solution, Introduction to Separation processes Dr Saad Al-ShahraniChE 334: Separation Processes To do this we must cause different transport of species or convection of species so that the purer mixture can be collected.Most separation processes involve differential transport. Separation processes are defined as those operations which transform a mixture of substances into two or more products which differ from each other in composition.

10. Dr Saad Al-Shahrani Introduction to Separation processes mixed separated ChE 334: Separation Processes

11. Dr Saad Al-Shahrani Introduction to Separation processes ChE 334: Separation Processes

12. Dr Saad Al-Shahrani Introduction to Separation processes ChE 334: Separation Processes Crude oil

13. Dr Saad Al-Shahrani Introduction to Separation processes  Examples of Separation processes: 1. Separation of blood. 2. Purification of drugs. 3. Purification of Au, Ag, Ti. 4.Refining of crude oil. 5.DNA testing. 6.Purification of organic material. 7.Purification of water. 8.Separation of water and waste product of metabolism from blood Kidney ChE 334: Separation Processes

14. Dr Saad Al-Shahrani  Distillation: Which separates various chemical component according to volatility.  Alkylation: to react small hydrocarbon molecules to create larger hydrocarbon molecules.  Catalytic reforming: which is used to modify the structure of medium sized hydrocarbons.  Fluid catalytic cracking: to break apart very large hydrocarbon molecules.  Hydrocracking: to break apart very large hydrocarbon molecules.  The separation technology involved in crude oil reforming include: ChE 334: Separation Processes Introduction to Separation processes

15.  Why Separation? There are many reasons for wanting pure substances. Some of these reasons include: Dr Saad Al-Shahrani  Need for pure material in engineering applications.  Preparation of raw materials into their component.  Need for pure material for materials processing.  Need to remove toxins or inactive components from solution (drugs)  Need for ultra-pure samples for testing.  Need for analysis of the components of mixture (DNA testing) ChE 334: Separation Processes Introduction to Separation processes

16. Dr Saad Al-Shahrani Analytical Separation Small scale To determine composition of complex mixture quantitative. Example: Chromatography preparative Separation Small scale To recover and purify chemicals Example: Centrifugation industrial Separation large scale To manufacture chemicals using separation methods Example: Distillation ChE 334: Separation Processes Introduction to Separation processes  Based on these motivation for separations, we can divide separations up into three main areas:

17. Dr Saad Al-Shahrani  The list of different existing separations methods is limitless. Therefore we will emphasize the fundamentals of separations.  Note: 50 to 90 percent of capital investment in chemical plant is for separation equipments. ChE 334: Separation Processes Introduction to Separation processes

18. Time: 120 h Cinitial=450 mg Sr/Kg of dry clay Catholyte: H2SO4 Sr extraction= 86.7% Basic Description of operations Dr Saad Al-Shahrani  Separation processes can be run in various modes of operation:  Batchwise: no flows  Continuous: continuous flows in and out of separations  Semicontinuous: pauses in flows.  Operations are classified as key operations and auxiliary operations:  Key Operation: involves a change in chemical composition such as: Chemical reaction Separation of mixtures of chemicals. Examples: leaching, distillation, and gas absorption ChE 334: Separation Processes

19. Dr Saad Al-Shahrani  Auxiliary Operation: which is required to carry out the key operations Examples: pumps, heaters, and compressors. Basic Description of operations ChE 334: Separation Processes

20. Dr Saad Al-Shahrani  Block Flow Diagrams indicate: F S1S1 P1P1 S2S2 P2P2  Key operation by rectangles.  Flows and Streams by lines. Distillation Basic Description of operations ChE 334: Separation Processes

21. Dr Saad Al-Shahrani 1 2 N Feed Stripping section stages Feed stage Boilup Partial reboiler bottoms Total condenser Reflux Distillate Reflux drum Overhead vapor Distillation  Process Flow Diagrams indicates processes by:  Realistic symbols of process equipment.  Including auxiliary operations. Basic Description of operations ChE 334: Separation Processes

22.  Mechanism of separation:  The mixing of chemicals to form a mixture is a spontaneous, natural process that is accompanied by an increase in entropy or randomness (∆S) Dr Saad Al-Shahrani  The inverse process (the separation of the mixture into its constituent chemical species) is not spontaneous process, it requires an expenditure of energy.  A mixture to be separated usually originates as a single homogenous phase (solid, liquid, or gas) ChE 334: Separation Processes Basic Description of operations

23. Dr Saad Al-Shahrani  If it exists as two or more immiscible phases, it must be first separate the phases by some mechanical means based on gravity, centrifugal force, pressure reduction, or electric or magnetic field. Then appropriate separation techniques are applied to each phase.  A schematic diagram of general separation process Separation process Product 1 Product 2 Product N-1 Product N Feed mixture to be separated (S, L, V, C i ) ChE 334: Separation Processes Basic Description of operations

24. Dr Saad Al-Shahrani  The feed mixture may be vapor, liquid or solid, while the two or more products may differ in composition from each other and the feed may differ in phase state from each other and / or from the feed Feed liq. 50% Bz 50% Tol Distillation Top product (vapor phase) Bottom product (liquid phase) 97.6% Bz 3.4% Tol 98.6% Tol 1.4% Bz ChE 334: Separation Processes Basic Description of operations