1. Happy 2010! Ch. 10 Motivation Music : Beggin’ Madcon You Can’t Always Get What You Want Rolling Stones

2. Motivation: Agenda 1. Motivation –a) Definition –b) Maslow’s Model 2. Social Motives –a) Need for Achievement –b) Need for Affiliation c) Intimacy –d) Need for Power –e) Feeling your best 3. Biological Motives –a) Hunger and eating –b) Eating Disorders 4. Sexual motivation –a) Evolution and mating priorities –b) Sexual orientation –c) Prevalence of homosexuality –d) Theories of homosexuality 5. Movie: Battling Eating Disorders (30 min. 2006)

3. 1.a) Definition of Motivation  What do you want; what do you need?  What’s really important to you?  “Motives are the needs, wants, interests, and desires that propel people in certain directions.  Motivation involves goal-directed behaviour” (p. 414)

4. 1.Model of Motivation Input:Motivation:Behaviour: Lack of food Hormones (physiological) food, sexGo-out to restaurant, visit partner Isolationsocial contactCall friend Need for success good gradesStudy hard Fear of failuregood gradesStudy hard

5. 1.b) Maslow’s Model

6. 2. Maslow (cont’d): Criticisms: –Do lower needs have to be fulfilled for higher-order needs to operate? –Is the order universal? Or are there individual differences? –What about needs for autonomy? –What about power and aggression? –What about altruism, and the need to help others?

7. 2. Social Motives a) Need for Achievement: –Wanting to accomplish goals; desire to excel –Wanting to succeed and trying hard b) Need for Affiliation –Wanting to be with others –Wanting to be accepted by others; winning friends c) Intimacy: –Wanting good interpersonal relations –Wanting warm, close exchange with significant other d) Need for Power: –Wanting to influence or control others –Wanting to have an impact

8. 2. d) Feeling your best: Being engaged in activities where you feel: –Independent and in control (autonomy) –Competent & worthy –Connected: e.g. having regular contact with people who care about you. –I.e. Activities that meet needs for self-determination, self-worth, and connection From research published in 2001.

9. 3. Biological Motives a) Hunger and eating: –Controlled by hypothalamus (see Fig. 10.3, p. 395) –Influenced by blood glucose, insulin and leptin –Stomach also sends signals to brain based on distention of stomach wall, and richness of nutrients in stomach

10. 3. b ) Eating Disorders: In part, a product of media and cultural values Thinness = Beauty, sex-appeal & success Weight obsession accompanied with proliferation of fast food creating mixed and conflicting messages Anorexia Nervosa (criteria): –Refusal to maintain minimally normal body weight (85% or less of what it should be/ –BMI = or below 17.5 (kg/m 2 ) –Intense fear of gaining weight –Disturbance in the perception of one’s body –Amenorrhea: menses stop –Restricting or binge-eating/purging type

11. 3. b) Anorexia (cont’d) Associated symptoms: –Obsession with food –Strenuous exercise –Avoidance of sex Causes? –Families: Disengaged or overly protective with high standards –Perfectionistic; never “good enough.” –Underlying feelings of worthlessness. Weight loss is a means to feel competent and worthy. –Weight control to deal with other issues (e.g. autonomy, love, sexuality) –Biological contributions

12. 3. b) Eating Disorders (cont’d) Bulimia: –More common (3% of women; up to 20% of college women have symptoms) –Eating binges (feeling out-of-control) followed by self- induced vomiting, laxative use, fasting, or excessive exercise to avoid weight gain –Binges occur at least twice a week for at least 3 months –Self-evaluation based on body shape and weight Risk factors: –Dieting/ Restrained eating –Family history of obesity, alcoholism, depression or anxiety.

13. 4. Sexual Motivation a) Evolution and Mating priorities (p.425-430) –Parental investment theory: Sex with larger investment in offspring will be more discriminating in selecting a partner

14. 4.a) Evolution and Mating Gender disparities in mating preferences: –Different pressures among women and men for reproductive success

15. 4. b) Sexual Orientation p. 432-435 According to theory and research, sexual orientation exists on a continuum:

16. 4.c) Prevalence p. 433

17. 4. d) Theories of Homosexuality Most promising model is biological: –Level of prenatal hormones are involved in the organization of the brain and in determining sexual orientation. –Levels different in the case of homosexuals propensity towards homosexuality would therefore be determined before birth by maternal biological factors –This evidence makes discrimination on the basis of sexual orientation untenable.

18. 5. Movie: “Battling Eating Disorders” Explains how to recognize eating disorders, how friends and loved ones should communicate their fears and concerns, and how those who suffer from these often fatal illnesses can find professional help (30 min., 2006). Available at the Sound and Moving Image Library in Scott: DVD 10394