1. Uptaking Ozone by Lung Wenyan Yu April 24, 2003

2. Ozone Impacts on Your Body Ozone, the main ingredient of smog, presents a serious air quality problem in many parts of the United States. Even at low levels, ozone can cause a number of respiratory effects.

3. Ozone can irritate your respiratory system:. Causing you start to coughing, feel an irritation in your throat, and experience an uncomfortable sensation in your chest. Reducing lung function and make it more difficult for you to breathe as deeply and vigorously as you normally would. It makes people more sensitive to allergens, which are the most common triggers for asthma attacks. Ozone can inflame and damage cells that line your lungs. Within a few days, the damaged cells are replaced and the old cells are shed—much in the way your skin peels after a sunburn. But, long period of lung exposure to ozone will cause permanent lung damage. Repeated short-term ozone damage to children’s developing lungs may lead to reduced lung function in adulthood. In adults, ozone exposure may accelerate the natural decline in lung function that occurs as part of the normal aging process. A healthy lung air way Inflamed lung air way

4. Lung Structure and How lung Uptake Inhaled Gases

5. Lung Structure Upper Airways From nose & lips --- Larynx(throat) Conducting Airways A branched-tube network, From trachea --- terminal bronchioles Respiration Zone All the alveolus & airspaces

6. Which Part of the Lung will uptake the Ozone?? Upper Airway: In the nose, the convoluted well-perfused surface of nasal turbinate with its large specific surface area of 8 cm2/ml provides an efficient site for absorption of soluble gases. Conducting Airways: A highly reactive gas of only moderate solubility, can reach the tracheobronchial tree, where it reacts with the protective mucous layer and eventually damages underlying tissue in the small bronchioles. Respiration Zone: A gas that has limited aqueous activity but is highly reactive with hemoglobin is able to penetrate further to the respiratory zone and diffuse to the pulmonary circulation in quantity. O3 SO2 CO

7. Fundamentals of Mass Transport How to calculated the accumulation rate of the inhaled pollutant gas in the lung? Diffusion Rate + Chemical Reaction Rate with the Tissue Layer Diffusion Rate=

8. Chemical Reaction Rate with Tissue Layer= Consider Fick’s First Law for Diffusion: So we can express the accumulation Rate of Pollutant in Lung: Using Ideal Gas Law ： and So we get:

9. How to Resolve the equation: Some variables we need to deal with in the equation: 1. It can be estimated by the stationary barrier eq, it should come from experiments, and it represents the character of the absorption film on the tissue layer. 2. Respiratory flow speed: according to the character of breathing, we can suppose V varied with time in sinusoidal fashion. 3. A: cross-section available for the flow a: perimeter available for gas absorption Then we can use numerical methods to resolve this equation:

10. Now, we know the, which can be got from experimental results; We also know the flow velocity which can be represented in sinusoidal fashion, but we still need to know the form of ‘A’ and ‘a’. Conducting Airway:

11. This pic states that as the airway generation increase, there will be an exponential increasing in both ‘A’ and ‘a’. So, we can suppose that A=A.exp(cy), a=a.exp(dy), both c and d are parameters which can be deduced from experiments.

12. Thus we got all the variables and their relationships with the coordinate ‘y’ and time ‘t’, so the differential eq can be resolved by using numerical methods. If we settle the time(it means that the flow speed doesn't change), we can get approximately the plot showing the relationship between Ozone concentration and the longitudinal distance y: From trachea to bronchioles