1. Preliminary study For Saudi footwear standardization Done by : Bandar AL-Ghamdi & Qassem A. AL-Akkam Supervised by : Dr. Mohamed T.Ibrahim El-Wakad

2. Dedication We dedicate this project to : Our parents Our Doctors Colleagues who will graduate with us

3. Acknowledgement We indebted to our project supervisor: Dr. Mohamed T.Ibrahim El-Wakad For his helping and supplying us with his information and experience for his kindness with us.

4. Contents Results Method Objective Review Introduction Foot shape Halux valgus Halux angle Foot shape Conclusion

5. Introduction The health of the foot depends to a great extent on the design of the shoes The design of the shoes depend on the shape of the foot Failing to wear comfortable shoes may lead to foot deformity(e.g. hallux valgus)

6. Introduction The purpose of this study to: classify the foot shape Saudi population determining the existence of Hallux valgus foot deformity in Saudi population and it's percentage

7. Foot shape Halux valgus Review

8. 1.Foot shape: Knowledge of foot shape is important to design shoes which fit properly. Differences between genders, age, ethnic origin can also influence foot shape

9. 2. Halux valgus: 2.1. What is Hallux valgus? The term hallux valgus (bunion) actually describes what happens to the big toe. The big toe tilts over towards the smaller toes and a bony lump appears on the inside of the foot.

10. Figures 1 show how hallux valgus (bunion) looks like Figures.1 2. Halux valgus:

11. 2.2. Occurrence of Hallux valgus: According to the National Health Interview survey conducted by the National Center for Health Statistics  scientists report found that the incidence increased with age, with rates of 3% in persons aged 15-30 years 9% in persons aged 31-60 years 16% in those older than 60 years. 2. Halux valgus:

12.  Also in the report a higher incidence in females versus males, with ratio of 2:1 to 4:1.  Other scientists also note that hallux valgus rarely occurs in those who only wear sandals and other types of shoe gear that keep the first and second toes separated.  The role of genetic predisposition has also been noted. The connection may be that bunions are a bit commoner in people with unusually flexible joints, and this can be hereditary. 2.2. Occurrence of Hallux valgus: 2. Halux valgus:

13. Prevention using soft insoles in your shoes as shock absorbers making sure your shoes are not too tight making sure that the toe of your shoe is wide enough Not wearing high- heeled shoes too often soaking and scrubbing your feet when you are in the bath or shower. 2.3. Prevention

14. Objective To Classify in order to come up with foot standard To determine of hallux valgus problem in Saudi population.

15. Method Two groups of males and females, Each group consists of 50 subjects. Male group ranged between 17 to 83 with a mean age of 48. Female's group age ranged from19 to 74. The mean age of females group was 50.

16. Method Novel Emed-n platform (Munich,Germany) See figures The parameters measured by machine are: foot length, foot width, and hallux angle.

17. Method 1.Foot index: The foot shape was classified according to the foot index (FI), defined as: Slender if its FI < [(mean FI) – SD] Broad if its FI > [(mean FI) + SD] Standard otherwise.

18. Method 2. Halux angle: The range of normal values for hallux angle is between 0° and 30°. (fig.2)

19. Method Metatarsus-phalanx angle (MPA) MPA = 180° – Hallux angle The foot is considered deformed if its MPA < 165 Normal otherwise.

20. Results Table1

21. Foot Type Male female

22. Deformation Male female

23. Conclusion A significant percentage of male and female Saudi population can be classified to have standard feet (>73%) Broad feet are the least percentage (2 – 14 %) in Saudi population. In both male and female population more than 85% can be classified to have normal feet. Deformation of Saudi population feet is less than their Korean one which may be attributed to the different working habits and style of life. This study needs to be expanded to cover larger sample size to be able to set shoe standards for Saudi population. We cannot make the same standard for both male and female due to the differences in gender, age and environment.