1. INVENTIONS OF THE 1960S SIDDHARTHA VEMURI, TED, JOSHUA, KASRA PERIOD 5

2. AUDIO CASSETTE The first compact audio cassette was released by the Philips company in the Netherlands. BASF produced the high-quality polyester 1/8-inch tape used in the cassette. The recording and playback speed was 1.7/8 inches per second. Sales in the United States started with the Norelco Carry-Corder dictation machine that used the new cassette tape. The majority of the demand for the tape was to record personal music on it.

3. SOFT CONTACT LENSES The Idea for soft contact lenses first came out in 1505 from Leonardo da Vinci; however technology was not advanced enough to create the lenses. Adolf Fick invented the first contact lenses in 1948. However, Soft contact lenses first appeared in the 60s. Soft contact lenses were made of a soft, water-absorbing plastic. These lenses were much more popular because they were safer and more comfortable. Also in the 60s, options for nearsighted or farsighted contact lenses came out. From there, contact lenses continued to improve along with other advancements in technology.

4. COMPACT DISK (CDS) Digital storage media used for computer files, music, pictures, etc. It can be described as a plastic circle with a shiny side. Information is stored on it by etching it with a laser. It is also read by a laser to find the information. It was invented by James Russell in 1965. James Russell patented 22 components that had to do with the compact disks. It did not become popular until it was mass produced by Philips in 1980. Compact disks are still used today but are being slowly replaced by USB. This did not affect society at the time much, but it would become popular in the 1980s.

5. HANDHELD CALCULATOR In the 1960s the first electric calculators appeared. The first handheld calculator was invented at TI in 1967. In the early 1960s, researchers named Kilby, Van tassel, and Merryman filed a patent application. This was issued 8 years later. The first miniature calculator was able to add, subtract, multiply, and divide. It consisted of a small keyboard with 18 keys and it was able to calculate up to 12 decimal digits. With this new invention, people could easily calculate large numbers within seconds. There was no need for an abacus, huge computers, hand written operations, or calculators that were hard to carry around. People in financial fields, scientifically oriented fields, mathematical fields, or any field that involves operations with numbers benefited from this invention. People everywhere could use the calculator to do their taxes, figure out bills, etc.

6. ARPANET Arpanet is the grandfather of the Internet. It began to be worked on during the Cold War in 1969. It was designed to be like a bomb shelter in a computer. It protected the flow of information between military installations. Arpanet did this by creating a grid of computers far away from each other. It could exchange information by a newly created protocol (instructions for how computers interact) called the NCP (Network Control Protocol). ARPA- Advanced Research Projects Agency. ARPA was a secret part of the military that created classified weapons and systems during the Cold War. This advancement was used in the military and fields that worked with them, but it was not shared with the public.

7. LIFE IN THE 1960S This was an era of movements, civil rights, recovery, and rebuilding. The world was still recovering and rebuilding from WWII but it was coming along. However, the United States started involvement in the Vietnam War. There were protests for civil rights, for the war to end, women’s rights, etc. Some of the younger groups protested against society in general and anything that was mainstream. They wore crazy clothes and had long hair. These people were what we refer to as now Hippies. The music was changing from the previous decade’s rock and roll into songs with lyrics about things that were wrong in society. The Beatles and the Rolling Stones led this era of change in music. Many great leaders were assassinated during this decade like John F. Kennedy, Robert Kennedy, and Martin Luther King Junior. The Soviets put a man in space, so the United States wanted to beat them by going to the moon. Although JFK was assassinated before that dream was accomplished, the United States pushed through and eventually made the dream a reality.

8. RESOURCES 1.http://inventors.about.com/od/timelines/a/modern_2.htmhttp://inventors.about.com/od/timelines/a/modern_2.htm 2.http://inventors.about.com/od/audiowaxrecordstomp3/a/Cassette_Tape.htmhttp://inventors.about.com/od/audiowaxrecordstomp3/a/Cassette_Tape.htm 3.http://inventors.about.com/od/gstartinventions/a/glass_4.htmhttp://inventors.about.com/od/gstartinventions/a/glass_4.htm 4.http://www.contactlenses.co.uk/education/history.htmhttp://www.contactlenses.co.uk/education/history.htm 5.http://inventors.about.com/od/qrstartinventors/a/CD.htmhttp://inventors.about.com/od/qrstartinventors/a/CD.htm 6.http://www.ti.com/corp/docs/company/history/timeline/eps/1960/docs/67- handheld_calc_invented.htmhttp://www.ti.com/corp/docs/company/history/timeline/eps/1960/docs/67- handheld_calc_invented.htm 7.http://inventors.about.com/library/weekly/aa091598.htmhttp://inventors.about.com/library/weekly/aa091598.htm 8.http://www.english-online.at/history/1960s/society-and-change-in-the- sixties.htmhttp://www.english-online.at/history/1960s/society-and-change-in-the- sixties.htm