1. Mini-Project: Research Seminar Team: Claudia BUTRON Irsalina SUPRAPTO Joshua ODOTEYE Energy & Information Technologies January 20, 2011. Telecom Bretagne – Rennes Tutor: Nicolas MONTAVONT

2. PLAN OF PRESENTATION 1. INTRODUCTION  Context 2. SUBJECTS STUDIED  Impact of ICT on the environment  Energy demands of ICT Infrastructure  Energy-efficiency in wireless network protocols 3. CONCLUSION/OPEN ISSUES 4. COMMENTS Energy & Information Technologies page 1 UVF2R671

3. page 2 Context Introduction IT and ICT often used synonymously... But IT ⊂ ICT. UVF2R671 Energy & Information Technologies Online: //www.itu.int/net/pressoffice/backgrounders/general/pdf/5.pdf Year

4. page 3 Impact of ICT on the environment UVF2R671 Energy & Information Technologies Positive Negative Positive & Negative impacts Direct Indirect Direct & Indirect impacts 1 st Order effects Direct Negative Impacts Use of ICT and environmental impacts of production E.g. Electronic Waste Positive Impacts Environmental ICT applications E.g. Electronic monitoring of toxic waste Dematerialization & structural change E.g. Intelligent production processes Incomplete Substitution E.g. Online shopping creating new transport structures Life style changes E.g. Green consumerism ‘Rebound Effect’ E.g. New markets for environmentally damaging materials 2 nd Order effects 3 rd Order effects Indirect Indirect

5. page 4 UVF2R671 Energy & Information Technologies ‘Invisible’ ‘Invisible’ part – Underlying distribution networks. E.g. Electricity grid, Telecommunication networks ‘Visible’ ‘Visible’ part – Machines and end-terminal equipment. E.g. PCs, mobile phones and televisions. ICT Infrastructure Approaches adopted in determining ICT infrastructure equipment.  Supply of electricity Transformers, AC-DC converters, DC-DC converters, UPS and coolers.  Inter- and Intra- Net grids Servers, routers, repeaters, switches, hubs, capacitors  Local and distant transmission networks Wired, wireless and fibre optic networks – Involve a multiplicity of equipment above. The mobile communication and Internet sectors.  Mobile communication sector recent higher infrastructuremobile terminals (phone)less The more recent the technology, the higher the energy demands within the infrastructure. However, mobile terminals (phone), consume less with recent technology.  Internet sector Largest – PCs Display unitshardware infrastructure Largest energy consumers – PCs & Display units, followed by hardware within the infrastructure. Energy demands of ICT infrastructure

6. page 5 UVF2R671 Energy & Information Technologies Case Study – Orange (France Telecom) Energy breakdown of Orange consumption by subsector. [Ref: (4)] Ranking : 1.Public telephone network switches (20%) 2.Tertiary sector (18%) 3.Data centres (16%) 4.DSLAM and transmission networks (both 12%) Energy demands of ICT infrastructure

7. page 6 UVF2R671 Energy & Information Technologies  Each layer of the OSI protocol stack adopts a measure in achieving energy efficiency. Some layers adopt the following: Congestion Control Rerouting Mobility Management Link Error Control Channel Allocation Multiple Access Major concern in wireless networks? Increased Power Consumption Retransmission Retransmission Collision Collision Energy-efficiency in wireless networks

8. page 7 UVF2R671 Energy & Information Technologies General energy conservation measures?  Preventing or reducing collision  Scheduling data transmission times  Aggregating packet request Examples of some energy-aware protocols: IEEE 802.11 EC-MAC (Energy Conserving Media Access Control) PAMAS (Power Aware Multi-Access) Energy-efficiency in wireless networks

9. page 8 UVF2R671 Conclusion/Open Issues Impact of ICT on environment is quite ‘speculative’ – Evidence base on which to draw conclusions not very strong. A study of the energy demands of ICT requires an understanding of:  Type of technology  Scope of the infrastructure  Energy-awareness of the protocols Higher layer applications are becoming more powerful hence requiring more power/energy in their operations – development of power-aware protocols consequently becoming a more challenging task. Energy & Information Technologies

10. page 9 UVF2R671 Comments renewable energies. Possibility of alternative sources of electricity with renewable energies. E.g. solar, wind, bio-fuels etc. Well dimensioned Well dimensioned communication networks could reasonably reduce energy consumption in ICT. E.g. Having few equipment sites as possible. “increase in battery capacity” physical layer hardware involved in transmission The citation of “increase in battery capacity” as an energy-conserving measure within the physical layer is quite inaccurate since the latter deals with hardware involved in transmission. Research more precise results determination of the impact of ICT on the environment Research should provide more precise results in the determination of the impact of ICT on the environment. This can increase the priority stakeholders (decision-makers) attach to energy issues. E.g. A real assessment of the impact of incomplete substitution. Energy & Information Technologies

11. page 10 UVF2R671 References 1.Berkhout F and Hertin J. “Impacts of Information and Communication Technologies on Environmental Sustainability: Speculations and evidence”, Report to the OECD, May 2001. 2.Souchon L, Aebischer B, Roturier J and Flipo F. “Infrastructure of the information society and its energy demand”, ECEEE 2007 Summer Study. Panel 6. Products and appliances. 3.Jones C, Sivalingam K, Agrawal P and Chen J. C “A survey of Energy Efficient Network Protocols for Wireless Networks”, Kluwer Academic Publishers, Wireless Networks 7, Pages 343-358, 2001. 4.Souchon L, Le Masson S, Flipo F and Gimenes C “Quantitative analysis and modelling of ICT energy impact in France”, IEEE conference, May 2008. 5.“Sustainable energy use in mobile communications”, Ericsson White Paper, August 2007. Energy & Information Technologies THANK YOU! Questions/Comments?

12. page 11 UVF2R671 Supporting Slides Energy-efficient research areas with respect to OSI protocol stack for wireless networks: Energy & Information Technologies Source: Ref(3)

13. page 12 UVF2R671 Supporting Slides Energy & Information Technologies Source: Ref(2) Electricity demands of terminal and infrastructure of different technologies.

14. page 13 UVF2R671 Supporting Slides Electricity demands of terminal and infrastructure of the Internet. Energy & Information Technologies Source: Ref(2)

15. page 14 UVF2R671 Supporting Slides IT devices represent 2% of global CO 2 emissions worldwide. Energy & Information Technologies Source: http://friedmanpedia.pbworks.com/w/page/21517329/Green-IT

16. page 15 UVF2R671 Supporting Slides Moore’s law being exceeded as the years go by... “ The power consumption of computer nodes double every 18 months” Energy & Information Technologies Source: http://www-inst.eecs.berkeley.edu/~cs150/fa07/Documents.php