1. The Industrial Revolution
Urbanization

2. Urbanization Western Society: 1800 – rural and agragarian
1900 – urban and industrial

3. The Pogues: “Dirty Old Town”
Manchester, England

4. Listen … think
How do the lyrics of the song reflect the changes brought about by the Industrial Revolution in England?

8. “Manchester from Kersal Moor”
William Wylde (1857)

9. Ancoats Mill, 1840’s Manchester

10. Same mill, 1976

27. The Industrial Revolution and Urbanization
1801 – 17% of Europe’s population lived in cities
1851 – 35%
1891 – 54%

28. European Urbanization
European cities with pop. Over 100,00:
1801 – 22

29. Rate of Growth Manchester 40-47% per decade
Glasgow 30% decade for 3 decades
So what?
What if it were Brantford?

30. Growing at 30% per decade:
Urban Growth
Town of pop. 40,000
Growing at 30% per decade:
In ten years – 53,000
In twenty years – 69,000
In thirty years – 90,000
Within your lifetime, you would not recognize the city you were born in

31. “Walking Cities” Rapid growth No planning
No public transportation system
Workers lived near their factories
Use of all available space

32. Lancashire
1969
Note - outhouses

33. Wigan

34. “Terraces” (Row Houses)
Shropshire

35. “Terraces”
Manchester

36. “Terraces”
Newcastle (1970)

37. “Terraces”
Newcastle (1972)

38. “Walking Cities” Use of every available space Few parks or open areas
Narrow streets
No front yards
Small backyards
“terraces” (row houses)
Over-crowding:
“six, eight, and even ten occupying one room is anything but uncommon”
- Doctor, Aberdeen gov’t report

39. Unsanitary Open drains, sewers … if any (“privy pits”, “dung heaps”)
Sewage had to be carted away
Primitive toilet facilities
Manchester – 1 toilet for 200 people in w.c. district
Sewage leaked in to cellars:
Cellar “full of night soil [human excrement] to the depth of three feet … which had accumulated for years from the overflow of cesspools” – London construction engineer
“to put it as mildly as possible, millions of English men, women, and children were living in shit” – 1840 gov’t report
Filth was common:
Poor house admission requirement – a bath:
One man protested that it was “equal to robbing him of a great coat which he had had for some years”

40. Infant Mortality English cities – 1830’s:
20% of children died before age 5

41. The “Great Stink” a.k.a. “the Big Stink” London Summer 1858 Causes:
Untreated human waste in the Thames
Unusually hot summer
Introduction of flush toilets
More water in cesspools = overflow
Effects:
Interfered with gov’t and courts
Gov’t faced with the problem
Need for better sewer system

42. Death of HRH Prince Albert
Died of typhoid fever 1861, age 42
Cause:
Water contaminated with fecal matter
significance

43. Public Health Reform “The Silent Revolution”
Edwin Chadwick:
Gov’t appointee
Poor Law reform (1834)
Health and poverty – urban living conditions
“Report on the Sanitary Conditions of the Labouring Population of Britain” (1842):
3 year study
Scientific
Definitively proved relationship between disease and filthy environmental conditions
Published at his own expense
Key ideas
1848 – Britain’s first Public Health Law

44. The Bacterial Revolution: Following in Chadwick’s Footsteps
1860’s-1870’s
Louis Pasteur – germ theory
Robert Koch – bacteria and diseases
Joseph Lister – sterilization

45. Results …
Life expectancy in England:
1837 – 36

46. In contrast … Paris

47. Baron Georges Haussmann
French civic planner
Hired by Napoleon III to redesign Paris (2 general goals)
Specific goals:
Safer
Better housing
Uniform building heights
Cleaner
Shopper-friendly
Tree-lined
Better traffic flow
Train stations
Streets too broad for rebels to barricade
12 grand avenues
Re-designed Paris in the 1860’s

48. Avenue de la Grand Armee

49. Paris

50. Paris

51. Paris

52. Paris