1. Process Analysis process  A process is a set of tasks to be performed in a defined sequence  Process analysis describes how a process is doing and can be improved  Process flow diagrams  Process flow diagrams describe pictorially the process and the flow of product and information in the process  Process performance is measured based on capacity, efficiency and effectiveness

2. A Sequential Process: Four- Station Assembly Line 20 min/unit 8 min/unit 15 min/unit Task ATask B Task C 10 min/unit Task D

3. Process Times for Tasks and Systems process time of a task  The process time of a task is the time it takes to perform the task bottleneck time  The bottleneck time is the time of the longest process time in the system throughput time  The throughput time is the time it takes for a product to go through production or for a customer to receive service from start to end (assuming no waiting)

4. Cycle Times and Bottleneck Pacing system cycle time  The system cycle time is the average time between completion of successive units of product or departures of successive customers  The system cycle time is the process time of the bottleneck  The bottleneck limits the output of the process! blocked tasks that create surplus inventory starved tasks  Other tasks in process are blocked tasks that create surplus inventory or starved tasks that experience idle time as they wait to start their tasks

5. Determining Capacity  Capacity  Capacity is the number of units of product that a process can produce in a specified time period (e.g. units per hour) capacity  For service processes, capacity is the number of customers who can be served in a specified time period  The capacity of a process is the inverse of the cycle time. To calculate capacity per hour: 1 hour/cycle time in hours = 60 min/cycle time in minutes

6. Bottleneck Management 1.Release work orders to the system at the pace set by the bottleneck 2.Lost time at the bottleneck represents lost time for the whole system 3.Increasing the capacity of a non-bottleneck task is a mirage 4.Increasing the capacity of a bottleneck increases the capacity of the whole system 5.Capacity at a station can be increased by lowering the process time.

7. Capacity Analysis  Two identical sandwich lines  Each line has two workers and a toaster to perform the three operations  All completed sandwiches are wrapped Wrap 37.5 sec/sandwich Order 30 sec/sandwich BreadFillToast 15 sec/sandwich 20 sec/sandwich 40 sec/sandwich BreadFillToast 15 sec/sandwich20 sec/sandwich40 sec/sandwich

8. Theory of Constraints  Five-step process for recognizing and managing limitations Step 1: Step 1: Identify the constraint Step 2: Step 2:Develop a plan for overcoming the constraints Step 3: Step 3:Focus resources on accomplishing Step 2 Step 4: Step 4:Reduce the effects of constraints by offloading work or expanding capability Step 5: Step 5:Once overcome, go back to Step 1 and find new constraints

9. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Prentice Hall Capacity Analysis Wrap 37.5 sec Order 30 sec BreadFillToast 15 sec 20 sec 40 sec BreadFillToast 15 sec20 sec40 sec  Toast station has longest processing time – 40 seconds  The two parallel lines each deliver a sandwich every 40 seconds so every 20 seconds a sandwich will come off one of the lines (40 seconds/2 lines)  At 37.5 seconds, wrapping and delivery has the longest processing time and is the bottleneck  Capacity per hour is 3,600 seconds/37.5 seconds/sandwich = 96 sandwiches per hour  Throughput time is 30 + 15 + 20 + 40 + 37.5 = 142.5 seconds = time customer must wait for sandwich assuming no waiting at any of the stations

10. Measures of Process Performance  Capacity  Capacity affects revenue potential  Efficiency  Efficiency measures how well processes make use of inputs (e.g. labor, material, equipment) and affects costs and profits  Effectiveness  Effectiveness measures how well the process delivers the customer promise  Quality  Speed (throughput time)  Flexibility & responsiveness  Safety