1. © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning Instructor Resources for Lesson E Managing the Risk

2. © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning Instructor Resources for Building Hazards Factors leading to “bad building behaviors” –Deficiencies in construction –Poor building maintenance –Fire’s long-burn time –Extension into concealed spaces –Exposure to unprotected, lightweight structural members

3. © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning Instructor Resources for Firefighting Risk Management “Acceptable losses” –Are to be expected for buildings –Are never acceptable for firefighting forces Mistakes –As human beings, we make mistakes –As firefighters, we need to avoid the serious ones

4. © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning Instructor Resources for Predictions of Structural Failure Due to Fire Buildings with hazardous features –Will continue to burn and fail Residential occupancies –Will continue to have greatest number of fires/fire fatalities Large-loss fires –Will continue to occur in buildings that lack: Automatic sprinkler systems Compartmentation in large-volume attic areas

5. © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning Instructor Resources for Predictions of Structural Failure Due to Fire (cont’d.) Unreinforced masonry buildings (URMs) –Will continue to be one of the most hazardous buildings Building industry –Will continue to design/build lightweight engineered structures and elements Engineered structures –Will have more “disposable” structural elements after fire impingement or failure

6. © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning Instructor Resources for Predictions of Structural Failure Due to Fire (cont’d.) Incidents of failure will increase –In Type III and Type V buildings with lightweight wood trusses and I-beams Some arriving officers –Will not provide an adequate size-up or a good report on conditions Can result in poor fire-ground risk management

7. © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning Instructor Resources for Predictions of Structural Failure Due to Fire (cont’d.) Some firefighters –Will continue to make misjudgments about burning buildings and time monitoring Causing exposure to near misses Adverse outcomes expected at structure fires with: –Hazardous building features –Poor fire-ground risk management and decision making

8. © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning Instructor Resources for Courtesy of Craig Allyn Rose

9. © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning Instructor Resources for Preventions for Line-of-Duty Deaths and Near Misses Provide prevention of fire and life safety education and training –For building occupants Enforce code requirements through regular inspections –For automatic sprinkler and detection systems Propose local ordinances: –For residential sprinklers –To retrofit large buildings with automatic sprinkler systems

10. © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning Instructor Resources for Preventions for Line-of-Duty Deaths and Near Misses (cont’d.) Modify codes to require one-hour fire-rating protection –For all lightweight wood floor and roof systems Compartmentalize large concealed spaces –To increase draft stopping requirements Require prefire analysis documentation –As part of the building permit process

11. © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning Instructor Resources for Preventions for Line-of-Duty Deaths and Near Misses (cont’d.) Develop department-specific policies and guidelines Train company officers and incident commanders on: –Fire-ground risk management, decision making, and supervision Discipline for infractions that needlessly endanger firefighters’ lives Provide personnel with ongoing, realistic training

12. © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning Instructor Resources for Preventions for Line-of-Duty Deaths and Near Misses (cont’d.) Educate firefighters to become more “building literate” Utilize knowledge/technical skills to improve safety and performance –Local architects, structural engineers, and general contractors Ensure that standard operating procedures match resource availability/capability Perform critical task analysis for buildings

13. © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning Instructor Resources for Preventions for Line-of-Duty Deaths and Near Misses (cont’d.) Anticipate –Increased levels of acceptable losses to buildings and contents –More defensive operation firefights Ensure that fire companies: –Operate within predetermined risk-management guidelines –Do not operate outside safety boundaries for non–life saving incidents

14. © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning Instructor Resources for Preventions for Line-of-Duty Deaths and Near Misses (cont’d.) Anticipate –Extension of fire into concealed spaces or voids –Failure of walls Unprotected steel structural members exposed to fire –Failure of unprotected steel bar joists Impinged upon by fire –Failure of unreinforced masonry walls (URMs) Floor and roof systems fail

15. © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning Instructor Resources for Preventions for Line-of-Duty Deaths and Near Misses (cont’d.) Anticipate –Deficiencies and alterations in buildings in poor condition –Earlier roof failure in structures with: Lightweight, combustible, prefabricated trusses and I- beams –More “disposable” buildings and elements In areas where performance standard codes are in place

16. © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning Instructor Resources for Preventions for Line-of-Duty Deaths and Near Misses (cont’d.) Establish appropriate collapse zones and/or hazardous feature areas Reduce oversights and mental errors by: –Estimating fire spread and extension –Monitoring time –Identifying building and fire hazards Have control measures and mitigators to: –Limit firefighter exposure to unnecessary hazards Request regular updates from officers

17. © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning Instructor Resources for Preventions for Line-of-Duty Deaths and Near Misses (cont’d.) Rescue operations –Limit exposure by: Putting the least number of firefighters at high levels of risk for the shortest amount of time

18. © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning Instructor Resources for Preventions for Line-of-Duty Deaths and Near Misses (cont’d.) Rescue operations (cont’d.) –Prevent poor rescue outcomes by: Initiating search in areas with highest probability of live victims Anticipating time and air awareness Supporting the rescue operation properly Protecting avenues of egress Providing timely ventilation Securing avenues of escape by laddering Other appropriate actions

19. © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning Instructor Resources for Summary “Acceptable losses” for firefighting forces are never an acceptable loss Buildings with hazardous features will continue to burn and fail Residential occupancies will continue to have: –Greatest number of fires –Greatest number of fire fatalities

20. © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning Instructor Resources for Summary (cont’d.) Train company officers and incident commanders on: –Fire-ground risk management, decision making, and supervision Provide all fire personnel with ongoing, realistic training Reduce oversights and mental errors During rescue operations: –Limit exposure and prevent poor rescue outcomes