1. Reconstruction

2. Essential Question
How was the nation’s commitment to its founding ideals tested during Reconstruction?

3. Key Questions 1. How do we bring the South back into the Union?
4. What branch of government should control the process of Reconstruction?
2. How do we rebuild the South after its destruction during the war?
3. How do we integrate and protect newly- emancipated black freedmen?

4. Reconstruction Major Issues Status of former states
Eleven Confederate States – how/when can they join the U.S?
Status of former slaves
Four million Illiterate, unemployed, poor former slaves
How much should the federal government help?
Rebuilding the South
50% of manufacturing, agriculture and transportation destroyed
Who should rebuild?

5. Radical Plan for Readmission
Civil authorities in the territories were subject to military supervision.
Required new state constitutions, including black suffrage and ratification of the 13th and 14th Amendments.
In March, 1867, Congress passed an act that authorized the military to enroll eligible black voters.

6. 13th Amendment Ratified in December, 1865.
Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as punishment for crime whereof the party shall have been duly convicted, shall exist within the United States or any place subject to their jurisdiction.
Summary = Slavery is abolished

7. 14th Amendment Ratified in July, 1868.
Provide a constitutional guarantee of the rights and security of freed people regardless of race.
Southern states would be punished for denying the right to vote to black citizens!

8. 15th Amendment Ratified in 1870.
The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any state on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude.
Summary = Right to vote regardless of race.
Women’s rights groups were furious that they were not granted the vote!

9. Changes in the Southern Economy
Sharecropping and tenant farming
Cycle of poverty
Restoration of plantations
Challenges
KKK
Scandals
Popular support declines
End of Reconstruction = Compromise of 1877

10. Black Codes
Purpose:
Guarantee stable labor supply now that blacks were emancipated.
Restore pre-emancipation system of race relations.
Forced many blacks to become sharecroppers [tenant farmers].

11. How Sharecropping Works
Furnishing Merchant
Tenant Farmer
Landowner
Loan tools and seed up to 60% interest to tenant farmer to plant spring crop.
Farmer also secures food, clothing, and other necessities on credit from merchant until the harvest.
Merchant holds “lien” {mortgage} on part of tenant’s future crops as repayment of debt.
Plants crop, harvests in autumn.
Turns over up to ½ of crop to land owner as payment of rent.
Tenant gives remainder of crop to merchant in payment of debt.
Rents land to tenant in exchange for ¼ to ½ of tenant farmer’s future crop.

12. Sharecropping

13. The “Invisible Empire of the South”

14. Worse Than Slavery What do you see? What artistic devices are used?
Who is shaking hands?
What scene is shown beneath the two men?
Why do you think this scene is labeled “Worse Than Slavery”?
What do you think is the message?

16. Segregation and Discrimination
Voting Restrictions
Literacy tests
Poll tax
Grandfather clause (white only)
Jim Crow Laws
Legal separation (segregation) of races
Plessy v. Ferguson
1896 U.S. Supreme Court decision allows ‘separate but equal’

17. Success or Failure? Success Failure Social and Political Revolution
Former slaves participate in government
Expanded public education
Redistribution of land
Restoration of former slave families, churches, and communities
Failure
Political parties unable to continue reform
Continuation of ‘Cycle of Poverty’
Racial bias and intimidation
Not aligned with National priorities: ex-slave issues vs. economic issues

18. U. S. Review Topics Unit 1 Abolitionists Popular sovereignty
Kansas-Nebraska Act
Dred Scot v. Sanford
Anaconda Plan
Sharecropping
Total war
Jim Crow laws
Plessy v. Ferguson
Compromise of 1877
Emancipation Proclamation
13th Amendment
Outcomes of the Civil War
African Americans after Civil War
TEST = Friday 9/ Multiple Choice, 8 Short Answer
Use notes, textbook, for information