1. The Energy in our Universe Dr. Darrel Smith Department of Physics

2. Sources of Energy in the Universe 1. Matter a. Gravity b. Fusion 2.Photons -- CMB 2.7 deg. 3.Neutrinos -- 1.7 deg. 4. Dark Matter 5. Dark Energy

3. Our Sun How much power is generated by the sun? a) 200 megawatts2 x 10 8 watts b)5,000 terawatts5 x 10 15 watts c)2,500 exawatts2.5 x 10 21 watts d)380,000,000 exawatts3.8 x 10 26 watts The power is called the Luminosity (watts)

4. How does it make that energy? Fusion of hydrogen p p  p n e + e T + D  He 4 + n Surface Temperature vs. Core Temperature

5. What does it cost to make all this sunshine? In other words, what does this do to the mass of the sun? a)Mass is converted to energy b)Power d) 1% of the solar mass  100 billion years to burn off

6. Energy from type 1a Supernovae Type 1a Supernovae a)Releases a uniform amount of energy 1-2 x 10 44 joules b)Luminosity~ 5 billion times greater than the sun c)~10 billion stars in our Milky Way galaxy

7. Formation of a supernovae

8. Remnants of Supernovae Crab Nebula (1054 AD) Power output = 5 x 10 31 W = 130,000 L o A pulsar in the core provides the energy. Pulsar is a highly magnetized rotating neutron star. Rotational K.E. is decreasing.

9. Supernovae observed 1054 ADObserved by the Chinese Observed by Anasazis in Chaco Canyon 6500 light years away 1987ASupernova in the Large Magellanic Cloud.

10. Supernovae Summary 1. Energy comes from where? 2. Where does the energy go? 3. Source of heavy elements 4. Indicator of Dark Energy

11. Particle Astrophysics Big Bang Cosmology How do we know what the early universe was like? The LHC at CERN

12. Big Bang Cosmology From t=0 through today How do we know this? Particle Astrophysics

13. Particle Astrophysics The Tevatron at Fermilab

14. The Large Hadron Collider (LHC) Geneva, Switzerland

15. Standard Model The physicists equivalent to the periodic table. Unifies QCD with EW interactions into a single structure. It does not include gravity. It is a quantum field theory that is consistent with quantum mechanics and special relativity.

16. Standard Model q = +2/3 e q = -1/3 e q = 0 e q = -1 e

17. Particles have masses M p = 0.938 Gev/c 2

18. Big Bang Cosmology

19. What is the Higgs Particle? So, how do particle acquire mass? Through their interaction with the Higgs field. W+W-ZoW+W-Zo

20. How is the Higgs formed? The fusion of one quark from each proton. Coming together at high energy. A simulated event in the Atlas detector

21. How is the Higgs formed? The fusion of one gluon from each proton. Coming together at high energy. A simulated event in the Atlas detector

22. Why such a big machine? We need high energies to make massive particles. E = mc 2

23. Why such small distances? We need to put that energy in a small volume to make a high energy density. = h/p

24. Mass vs. Size Mass is not proptional to size. Masses of the W and Z particles M W = 82 GeV/c 2 M z = 90 GeV/c 2 M proton = 0.928 GeV/c 2

25. Galactic Rotation Curves Velocity = constant (??) Bulge + Disk + Dark Halo

26. Where’s the “missing mass” ?  Could it be neutrinos?  Could it be black holes?

27. Solar Neutrinos What happens to the e ’s ?

28. Cosmic Ray induced neutrinos ~one-half of the   ’s are disappearing in the atmospheric neutrinos Atmospheric Neutrinos  ’s  ??

29. Black Holes Galaxies with Active Galactic Nuclei Schwarzchild Radius Newtonian Mechanics Dump mass on the earth

30. Do we see enough dark matter? No !! We can only account for 5-10% of the observed dark matter in the universe What about other sources? MaCHO’sWIMP’s Black Holes and  ’s

31. Dark Energy Different from “dark matter” It causes the universe to expand (i.e., to accelerate outward. How is this observed? http://imagine.gsfc.nasa.gov/docs/science/mysteries_ l1/dark_energy.html http://imagine.gsfc.nasa.gov/docs/science/mysteries_ l1/dark_energy.html

32. Dark Energy Changes in the rate of expansion The more shallow the curve, the faster the rate of expansion.

33. Dark Energy Most of the energy in the universe today is “dark energy.” Next, comes “dark matter.” Only 4% of the universe is made of “regular matter.” Neutrons, Protons, electrons, photons, & neutrinos.

34. Exotic Propulsion How can we travel through our galaxy? Matter-Antimatter propulsion Nuclear-Thermal Propulsion Faster-than-light propulsion (??)