1. Chapter 11 Personality

3. An individual’s unique and relatively consistent patterns of thinking, feeling, and behaving

4. Personality theory

5. A theory that attempts to describe and explain individual similarities and differences

6. Psychoanalysis

7. Sigmund Freud’s theory of personality, which emphasizes unconscious determinants of behavior, sexual and aggressive instinctual drives, and the enduring effects of early childhood experiences on later personality development

8. Free association

9. A psychoanalytic technique in which the patient spontaneously repots all thoughts,feelings, and mental images as they come to mind

10. Unconscious

11. In Freud’s theory, a term used to describe thoughts, feelings, wishes, and drives that are operating below the level of conscious awareness

12. Id

13. In Freud’s theory, the completely unconscious, irrational component of personality that seeks immediate satisfaction or instinctual urges and drives; ruled by the pleasure principle

14. Eros

15. In Freud’s theory, the self-preservation or life instinct, reflected in the expression of basic biological urges that perpetuate the existence of the individual and the spices

16. Libido

17. In Freud’s theory, the psychological and emotional energy associated with expressions of sexuality.

18. Thanatos

19. In Freud’s theory, the death instinct, reflected in aggressive, destructive, and self- destructive actions

20. Pleasure Principle

21. In Freud’s theory, the motive to obtain pleasure and avoid tension or discomfort; the most fundamental human motive and the guiding principle of the id

22. Ego

23. In Freud’s theory, the partly conscious rational component of personality that regulates thoughts and behavior and is most in touch with the demands of the external world

24. Reality Principle

25. In Freud’s theory, the awareness of environmental demands and the capacity to accommodate them by postponing gratification until the appropriate time or circumstances exist

26. Superego

27. In Freud’s theory, the partly conscious, self- evaluative, moralistic component of personality that is formed through the internalization of parental and societal rules

28. Ego defense mechanisms

29. in psychoanalytical theory, largely unconscious distortions of thoughts or perceptions that act to reduce anxiety

30. Repression

31. In psychoanalytical theory, the unconscious exclusion of anxiety-provoking thoughts, feelings, and memories from conscious awareness; the most fundamental ego defense mechanism

32. Displacement

33. In psychoanalytical theory, the ego defense mechanism that involves unconsciously shifting the target of an emotional urge to a substitute target that is less threatening or dangerous

34. Sublimation

35. In psychoanalytical theory, an ego defense mechanism that involves redirecting sexual urges toward productive, socially acceptable, nonsexual activities; a form of displacement

36. Psychosexual stages

37. In Freud’s theory, age related developmental periods in which the child’s sexual urges are expressed through different areas of the body and those activities associated with those areas

38. Oedipus complex

39. In Freud’s theory, a child’s unconscious desire for the opposite-sex parent, usually by hostile feelings toward the same-sex parent

40. Identification

41. In psychoanalytical theory, an ego defense mechanism hat involves reducing anxiety by modeling the behavior and characteristics of another person

42. collective unconscious

43. In Jung’s theory, the hypothesized part of the unconscious mind that is inherited from previous generations and that contains universally shared ancestral experiences and ideas.

44. Archetype

45. In Jung’s theory, the inherited mental images of universal human instincts, themes, and preoccupations that are the main components of the collective unconscious

46. Humanistic Psychology

47. The theoretical viewpoint on personality that generally emphasizes the inherent goodness of people, human potential, self- actualization, the self-concept, and healthy personality development

48. Actualizing tendency

49. In Roger’s theory, the innate drive to maintain and enhance the human organism

50. Self-concept

51. The set of perceptions and beliefs that you hold about yourself

52. Conditional positive regard

53. in Roger’s theory, the sense that you will be valued and loved only if you will behave in a way that is acceptable to others

54. Unconditional Positive Regard

55. In Roger’s theory, the sense that you will be valued and loved even if you don’t conform to the standards and expectations of others

56. Social Cognitive theory

57. Bandura’s theory of personality, which emphasizes the importance of observational learning, conscious cognitive processes, social experiences, self- efficacy beliefs, and reciprocal determinations

58. Self-efficacy

59. The beliefs that people have about their ability to meet the demands of a specific situation; feelings of self- confidence or self-doubt

60. trait

61. A relatively stable, enduring predisposition to consistently behave in a certain way

62. Trait Theory

63. A theory of personality that focuses on identifying, describing, and measuring individual differences

64. surface traits

65. Personality characteristics or attributes that can easily be inferred from observation behavior

66. Source traits

67. The most fundamental dimension of personality; the broad, basic traits that are hypothesized to be universal and relatively few in number

68. Five-Factor Model of Personality

69. A trait theory of personality that identifies five basic source traits as fundamental building blocks of personality Extra-version, Neuroticism Agreeableness Conscientiousness Openness to experience

70. Behavioral Genetics

71. An interdisciplinary field that studies the effects of genes and heredity on behavior

72. psychological Test

73. A test that assesses a person’s abilities aptitudes, interest, or personality, based on a systematically obtained sample of behavior

74. Projective test

75. A type of personality test that involves a person’s interpreting an ambiguous image; used to assess unconscious motives, conflicts, psychological defenses, and personality trait

76. Rorschach Inkblot Test

77. A projective test using inkblots, developed by Swiss psychiatrist Herman Rorschach in 1921

78. Graphology

79. A pseudoscience that claims to asses personality, social, and occupational attributes based on a person’s distinctive handwriting, doodles, and drawing styles

80. Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)

81. A projective personality test that involves creating stories about each of a series of ambiguous scenes

82. Self-report inventory

83. A type of psychological test in which a person’s responses to standardized questions to established norms

84. Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI)

85. A self-report inventory that assesses personality characteristics and psychological disorders

86. California Personality Inventory

87. A self-report inventory that assesses personality characteristics in normal populations

88. Sixteen Personality Factor Questionnaire (16PF)

89. A self-report inventory developed by Raymond Cattell that generates a personality profile with ratings in 16 trait dimension

90. Possible Selves

91. The aspects of the self-concept that includes images of the selves that you hope, fear, or expect to become in the future

92. PEOPLE

93. Alfred Adler

94. Austrian physician who broke up with Sigmund Freud and developed his own psychoanalytical theory of personality, which emphasized social factors and the motivation toward self-improvement and self-realization; key ideas include inferiority complex and superiority complex

95. Albert Bandura

96. Contemporary American psychologist who is best known for his research on observational learning and his social cognitive theory of personality; key ideas include self-efficacy beliefs and reciprocal determinism

97. Raymond Cattell

98. British-born American psychologist who developed a trait theory that identifies 16 essential source traits or personality factors; also developed the widely used self-report personality test, the sixteen Personality Factor Questionnaire

99. Hans Eysenek

100. German-born British psychologist who developed a trait theory of personality as neuroticism, extraversion, and psychoticism

101. Sigmund Freud

102. Austrian neurologist who founded psychoanalysis, which is both a comprehensive theory of personality and a form of psychotherapy; emphasized the role of unconscious determinants of behavior and early childhood experiences in the developmental of personality and psychological problems; key ideas include id, ego, and superego; the psychosexual stages of development; and the ego defense mechanism

103. Karen Horney

104. German-born American psychoanalysist who emphasized the rule of social relationships and culture in personality; sharply disagreed with Freud’s theory characterization of female psychological development, especially his notion that women suffer penis envy; key ideas include basic anxiety

105. Carl G. Jung

106. Swiss psychiatrist who broke with Sigmund Freud to develop his own psychoanalytical theory of personality, which stressed striving toward psychological harmony; key ideas include the collective unconscious and archetype

107. Abraham Maslow

108. American psychologist who was on of the founders of humanistic psychology and emphasized the study of healthy personality development; developed a theory of motivation based on the idea that people will strive for self-actualization, the highest motive, only after more basic needs have been met

109. Carl Rogers

110. Developed theory of personality and form of psychotherapy that emphasized the inherent worth of people, the innate tendency to strive for one’s potential, and the importance of the self-concept on personality development