1. The Market Revolution 1820-1860

2. What are we talking about? Major economic transformation Expansion of people producing for the market  Changing WHAT they are producing and HOW they are producing Completely new mindset  REVOLUTIONARY!!

3. Factors Leading to the Market Revolution Specialization of Labor Early Industrialization Transportation & Communication Revolution Westward Expansion Rise of the Cotton Kingdom Immigration & Migration Government Support for Business

4. Specialization of Labor What is “outwork”? What is the “factory system”? Lowell/Waltham Mills

5. Samuel Slater (“Father of the Factory System”)

6. The Lowell/Waltham System: First Dual-Purpose Textile Plant Francis Cabot Lowell’s town - 1814

7. Lowell in 1850

8. Lowell Mill

9. Early Textile Mill Loom Floor

10. Early Textile Loom

11. Early Industrialization Begins in England as early as 1780s Really underway in US by 1790s, but doesn’t really start to grow until early 1800s MECHANIZATION STANDARDIZATION INTERCHANGABLE PARTS

12. New England Textile Centers: 1830s

13. New England Dominance in Textiles

14. Starting for Lowell

15. Lowell Girls What was their typical “profile?”

16. Lowell Boarding Houses What was boardinghouse life like?

17. Eli Whitney’s Cotton Gin, 1791 Actually invented by a slave!

18. Eli Whitney’s Gun Factory Interchangeable Parts Rifle

19. Elias Howe & Isaac Singer 1840s Sewing Machine

20. John Deere & the Steel Plow (1837)

21. Cyrus McCormick & the Mechanical Reaper: 1831

22. Transportation & Communication Revolution

23. Cumberland (National Road), 1811

24. Conestoga Covered Wagons Conestoga Trail, 1820s

25. Erie Canal System

26. Erie Canal, 1820s Begun in 1817; completed in 1825

27. Robert Fulton & the Steamboat 1807: The Clermont

28. Principal Canals in 1840

29. Inland Freight Rates

30. Clipper Ships

31. Oliver Evans First prototype of the locomotive First automated flour mill

32. The “Iron Horse” Wins! (1830) 1830  13 miles of track built by Baltimore & Ohio RR By 1850  9000 mi. of RR track [1860  31,000 mi.]

33. The Railroad Revolution, 1850s p Immigrant labor built the No. RRs. p Slave labor built the So. RRs.

34. Samuel F. B. Morse 1840 – Telegraph

35. Cyrus Field & the Transatlantic Cable, 1858

36. Westward Expansion Doors opened by removal of Indians & new transportation, communication Streams of migration  From lower south  From upper south  From New England Opens up access to new resources Cheap land huge pull factors for immigrants

37. Rise of the Cotton Kingdom Contributing factors:  Industrial demand for cotton (1 st in UK, then in US)  Opening of Deep South to new settlement Some consequences:  Further pushes regional economic specialization  Revitalizes slavery  Growth of domestic slave trade

38. Eli Whitney’s Cotton Gin, 1791 Actually invented by a slave!

39. Immigration & Migration Immigration 1840s – Irish 1850s -- German Pull factors  Relatively cheap land  Access to jobs  Quicker long-distance travel  Political freedoms Push factors  Political unrest  Famine  Lack of economic opportunity Internal Migration Gradual shift from countryside to cities People in cities moved more frequently

40. National Origin of Immigrants: 1820 - 1860 Why now?

41. Government Support for Business Gov’t NOT actively involved in economy Laissez-faire policies mostly BUT  Development of private corporations  Severely limited gov’t investment in business  State gov’ts active in improving transportation infrastructure  Support competition & private property (court cases)  Criminalize strikes (supportive of employers)  Protective tariffs in 1816, 1824, 1828

42. Creating a Business-Friendly Climate Supreme Court Rulings: *Fletcher v. Peck Peck (1810) *Dartmouth v. Woodward Woodward (1819) *McCulloch v. Maryland Maryland (1819) *Gibbons v. Ogden Ogden (1824) *Charles Rivers Bridge v. Warren Bridge Bridge (1835) General Incorporation Law  passed in New York, 1848. Laissez faire  BUT, govt. did much to assist capitalism!

43. Outcomes of these Changes Rapid Economic Growth Periods of Boom & Bust Urbanization/Growth of Cities Changes in Labor Beginnings of Organized Labor Rise of Nativism Commercialization of farming in NW Social/Cultural Responses

44. Rapid Economic Growth

45. Regional Specialization EAST  Industrial SOUTH  Cotton & Slavery WEST  The Nation’s “Breadbasket”

46. Periods of Boom & Bust

47. Boom/Bust Cycles: 1790-1860 The blue line shows, for comparison, the price of a year’s tuition at Harvard College. In 1790 it was $24, but by 1860 had risen to $104.

48. Urbanization/Growth of Cities

49. American Population Centers in 1820

50. American Population Centers in 1860

51. Changes in Labor Decline in artisan tradition Workers have less autonomy over their labor Subdivision of tasks More supervision Sharpening of line between work time & leisure time Shift from labor’s “price” to labor’s “wage”  Some aversion to wage labor  Women at Lowell (replaced eventually by cheaper immigrant labor)

52. Beginnings of Organized Labor

53. The Early Union Movement Workingman’s Party (1829) * Founded by Robert Dale Owen and others in New York City. Early unions were usually local, social, and weak. Commonwealth v. Hunt (1842). Worker political parties were ineffective until the post-Civil War period.

54. Rise of Nativism Part of ongoing story of anxiety over new groups of immigrants Some fears of immigrants as “subversives”  Against democratic ideas Anti-immigrant riots & political campaigns

55. Irish Immigrant Girls at Lowell

56. American View of the Irish Immigrant

57. Know- Nothing Party: “The Supreme Order of the Star-Spangled Banner” Know- Nothing Party: “The Supreme Order of the Star-Spangled Banner”

58. Commercialization of Farming in NW Beginning to think more about the market More crop specialization Pushed by growth of  Eastern markets  Transportation networks  Availability of credit  Improved farm machinery (esp. after 1840s)

59. Social/Cultural Responses

60. Changes in Social Structure

61. Changing Occupation Distributions: 1820 - 1860

62. Distribution of Wealth v During the American Revolution, 45% of all wealth in the top 10% of the population. v 1845 Boston  top 4% owned over 65% of the wealth. v 1860 Philadelphia  top 1% owned over 50% of the wealth. v The gap between rich and poor was widening!

63. Polarization of Wealth in the 20 c

64. z They all regarded material advance as the natural fruit of American republicanism & proof of the country’s virtue and promise. The “American Dream” A German visitor in the 1840s, Friedrich List, observed: Anything new is quickly introduced here, including all of the latest inventions. There is no clinging to old ways. The moment an American hears the word “invention,” he pricks up his ears.

65. Who are the Beneficiaries?