1. FRIENDSHIP
“Friendship is like peeing on yourself: Everyone can see it, but only you get the warm feeling that it brings.”

2. THE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
PREGNANCY AND BIRTH

3. PREGNANCY PREGNANCY DIAGNOSIS: Palpation (~days 21-30): ‘walnuts’
Hormone assay
Ultrasonography: 18-20
days past the LH peak
Radiography (~day 45 after
LH peak)
distinct gestational sacs
average cm between days of pregnancy

4. PREGNANCY
buy tests (depending on how many you run at once) for $240 (one year shelf life).
If you only test dogs occasionally, then the price is pretty high.....how about ultrasound.
Witness Relaxin
5 Tests/box
Room temperature storage
10 minute running time
Cost $78/5 tests

5. Ultrasound
25 days 49 55
Optimum: 33 – 45 days
200 beats/min

6. Pregnancy-related event
Number of days after ovulation
Number of days after fertile mating
Onset of estrus
-6 to +3
First of multiple matings
-7 to +5
-12 to 0
Fertile mating
-5 to +5
Ovulation
Fertilization
2 to 5
0 to 7
Vaginal cornification reduced
5 to 7
0 to 12
Embryo attachment to uterus
14 to 16
9 to 21
Vesicles visible with ultrasound
15 to 17
10 to 22
Palpable 1 centimeter swellings
20 to 22
15 to 27
Fetal heartbeat visible (ultrasound)
22 to 23
17 to 28
Uterine swelling visible on X-ray
28 to 30
23 to 35
Palpability of swellings reduced
30 to 32
25 to 37
Earliest X-ray pregnancy diagnosis
43 to 45
39 to 50
Fetal pelvis visible on X-ray
51 to 55
46 to 60
Fetal teeth visible on X-ray
56 to 61
51 to 66
Whelping
62 to 64
57 to 69

7. Pregnant?

8. PREGNANCY: RADIOGRAPHS

9. PREGNANCY:RADIOGRAPHS

10. PREGNANCY GESTATION: the period of pregnancy THREE STAGES OF LABOR:
DOGS: 59-68
CATS: 56-69
THREE STAGES OF LABOR:
1ST:uterine contractions
2nd:delivery of the newborn
3rd:delivery of the placenta
Typically, newborns and placentas are delivered alternately

11. PREGNANCY SIGNS OF IMPENDING PARTUITION:
Nesting behavior:12-24 hours before
Inappetance
Panting, shivering
Drop in rectal temperature ~24-48 hours before partuition (caused by abrupt decrease in progesterone): <98°

12. PREGNANCY
LABOR, STAGE I: intermittent uterine contractions with no sign of abdominal straining
Restlessness, panting, nesting may continue through stage I
Cervix dilates

13. STAGE I http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Hd8Bo1qc54A&feature=related

14. PREGNANCY LABOR, STAGE II: delivery of the newborn
Rectal temp begins to rise to normal or slightly above
Passing of fetal fluids
Expulsive uterine contractions accompanied by abdominal contractions (3-6 hours but, may be as long as 24 hours total)
1st fetus usually delivered within 4 hours
Bitch will break the amniotic membrane, lick the neonate intensely, and sever the umbilical cord
20 minutes to 1 hour per puppy but, no more than 2 hours should elapse between each puppy born.

15. PREGNANCY LABOR, STAGE II: WARNING SIGNS
The bitch should be examined by a vet for the following reasons:
Greenish discharge, but no pup is born within 2-4 hrs
Fetal fluid passed more than 2-3 hrs previously, but nothing more has happened
If she has had weak, irregular straining for more than 2-4 hours
If she has had strong, regular straining for more than minutes, but no pup born
More than 2-4 hours have passed since the birth of the last puppy and more remain
If she has been in stage II for more than 12 hours

16. PREGNANCY LABOR, STAGE II Interval between births
Usually minutes
Partuition should never be allowed to last more than 24 hours

17. PREGNANCY LABOR, STAGE III: expulsion of the placenta
pup-placenta-pup-placenta or pup-pup-placenta-placenta
Usually follows within 15 minutes of each fetus
Bitch may eat the placentas, but sometimes can be associated with vomiting and diarrhea
Lochia – greenish postpartum discharge of fetal fluids and placental remains will be seen for up to 3 weeks or more

18. PREGNANCY COMPLICATIONS
THE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
PREGNANCY COMPLICATIONS

19. PREGNANCY
DYSTOCIA: Difficult birth or the inability to expel the fetus through the birth canal without assistance
Causes:
Abnormal fetal position or size
Uterine inertia
Narrowed birth canal
Diagnosis:
Digital palpation of vagina
Radiographs
ultrasound

20. PREGNANCY: DYSTOCIA TREATMENT:
Manual manipulation: a fetus lodged in the vaginal canal can be manually dislodged.
For uterine inertia: oxytocin injections result in contraction of the uterine muscles; also, calcium preparations can be given
C-section

21. PREGNANCY: INAPPROPRIATE MATERNAL BEHAVIOR
DAM SHOULD:
Allow nursing
Grooming
Stimulate CV,RS function
Stimulates elimination and removal of waste material
retrieving
Protecting
DAM SHOULD NOT:
Attack, kill, or cannibalize her young
Be overly protective, restless, or aggressive

22. PREGNANCY: LACTATION DISORDERS
Agalactia: lack of milk production
Causes include;
Stress, malnutrition, premature partuition, or infection
Galactostasis: milk stasis, which can result in mastitis
Mastitis: a septic inflammation of the mammary gland
Clinical signs:
Pain, discolored milk, fever, reluctance to allow nursing, abscessed glands

23. PREGNANCY: LACTATION DISORDERS
Treatment for mastitis:
Antibiotics
Warm compresses
Do not allow nursing from affected glands

24. OTHER REPRODUCTIVE DISORDERS:
PYOMETRA: Literally “pus in the uterus”
High levels of progesterone cause several changes in the uterus:
hyperplasia and hypertrophy of the endometrial glands of the uterus
Decreased myometrial contractions
Predisoposes the uterus to bacterial infection
Most common bacteria isolated is E.coli

25. PYOMETRA CLINICAL SIGNS: DIAGNOSIS: Vulvar discharge Vomiting
Dehydration
PU/PD
Azotemia
DIAGNOSIS:
Radiology
Ultrasound
Bloodwork
Ieukocytosis, neutrophilia with a left shift (closed pyometra)

26. PYOMETRA
This is a potentially life-threatening condition

27. PYOMETRA An open pyometra is when the
Cervix is open and allows drainage
Of the pus
Preferred treatment is ovariohysterectomy
As well as antibiotics and fluid therapy

28. PYOMETRA IN A RAT ..\P10021A.jpg
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29. VAGINITIS
Definition: an inflammatory process, not necessarily infectious.
Prepuberal bitch (aka puppy vaginitis)
VS.
Adult vaginitis

30. VAGINITIS PUPPY VAGINITIS Causes: Clinical signs:
Inverted vulva
Hormonal fluctuations
Clinical signs:
Purulent vulvar discharge
+/- licking the vulva
Treatments:
systemic antibiotics
topical douching
Signs will return when treatment is discontinued
Condition resolves naturally after the first heat cycle

31. VAGINITIS
Inverted vulva

32. VAGINITIS ADULT VAGINITIS Causes: Clinical signs:
Anatomical abnormalities
Canine herpesvirus
Clinical signs:
purulent vulvar discharge
+/- licking the vulva
peri-vulvar skin irritation or infection
Perceived urinary incontinence

33. VAGINAL HYPERPLASIA/PROLAPSE
Occurs under the influence of estrogen
Results in edematous vaginal tissue that protrudes from the vulva
Treatment:
Ovariohysterectomy resolves the condition permanently and is the tx of choice
Will usually resolve spontaneously but will recur with subsequent estrous cycles

34. VAGINAL HYPERPLASIA/PROLAPSE

35. MAMMARY TUMORS Usually tumors of older intact females
~50% of all tumors in female dogs
3rd most common tumor in cats
Risk dramatically reduces with ovariohysterectomy (<1% if spayed before 1st heat)
50% of canine tumors are benign
Only 10-20% of feline tumors are benign

36. MAMMARY TUMORS Malignant tumors are usually fast growing,
Invasive and ulcerated. Benign tumors are
Often small and feel like a pea.
Surgical removal is advised for all
Mammary tumors. Biopsy is required
To differentiate benign from malignant
tumors

37. OVARIOHYSTERECTOMY Surgical removal of the ovaries and uterus

38. References Alleice Summers, Common Diseases of Companion Animals

39. References