1. Copyright © McGraw-Hill, Inc. 2011 1 PsychSmart INTRODUCTION TO PSYCHOLOGY

2. Copyright © McGraw-Hill, Inc. 2011 2 CHAPTER NINE: CHAPTER NINE:DEVELOPMENT

3. Copyright © McGraw-Hill, Inc. 2011 3 Nature and Nurture How do psychologists study the degree to which development is an interaction of hereditary and environmental factors? How do psychologists study the degree to which development is an interaction of hereditary and environmental factors?

4. Copyright © McGraw-Hill, Inc. 2011 4 Developmental Psychology Study of the patterns of growth and change that occur throughout life Study of the patterns of growth and change that occur throughout life Nature-nurture issue Nature-nurture issue Developmental psychologists typically take an interactionist position Developmental psychologists typically take an interactionist position

5. Copyright © McGraw-Hill, Inc. 2011 5 Nature-Nurture Characteristics Strongly Influenced by Heredity Figure 1 of Chapter 9

6. Copyright © McGraw-Hill, Inc. 2011 6 Developmental Research Techniques Cross-Sectional Research Cross-Sectional Research Compares people of different ages at the same point in time Compares people of different ages at the same point in time Differences among groups of people Differences among groups of people Longitudinal Research Longitudinal Research Traces the behavior of one or more participants as the participants age Traces the behavior of one or more participants as the participants age Change in behavior over time Change in behavior over time

7. Copyright © McGraw-Hill, Inc. 2011 7 Developmental Research Techniques Sequential Research Sequential Research Combines cross-sectional and longitudinal approaches by taking a number of different age groups and examining them at several points in time Combines cross-sectional and longitudinal approaches by taking a number of different age groups and examining them at several points in time

8. Copyright © McGraw-Hill, Inc. 2011 8 Prenatal Development What is the nature of development before birth? What is the nature of development before birth? What factors affect a child during the mother’s pregnancy? What factors affect a child during the mother’s pregnancy?

9. Copyright © McGraw-Hill, Inc. 2011 9 Basic Genetics Chromosomes Chromosomes Rod-shaped structures that contain all basic hereditary information Rod-shaped structures that contain all basic hereditary information Genes Genes Smaller units through which genetic information is transmitted Smaller units through which genetic information is transmitted Composed of sequences of DNA Composed of sequences of DNA

10. Copyright © McGraw-Hill, Inc. 2011 10 Earliest Development Germinal Period Germinal Period Zygote Zygote Fertilized egg Fertilized egg First two weeks of pregnancy First two weeks of pregnancy Embryonic Period Embryonic Period Embryo-developed zygote Embryo-developed zygote Has a heart, brain, and other organs Has a heart, brain, and other organs Weeks 2 through 8 Weeks 2 through 8 Fetal Period Fetal Period Fetus Fetus Week 8 until birth Week 8 until birth

11. Copyright © McGraw-Hill, Inc. 2011 11 Genetic Influences on the Fetus Phenylketonuria (PKU) Phenylketonuria (PKU) Sickle-cell anemia Sickle-cell anemia Tay-Sachs disease Tay-Sachs disease Down Syndrome Down Syndrome

12. Copyright © McGraw-Hill, Inc. 2011 12 Prenatal Environmental Influences Teratogens Teratogens Mother’s nutrition Mother’s nutrition Mother’s illness Mother’s illness Mother’s use of drugs Mother’s use of drugs Alcohol Alcohol Fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) Fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) Fetal alcohol effects (FAE) Fetal alcohol effects (FAE)

13. Copyright © McGraw-Hill, Inc. 2011 13 Prenatal Development Environmental Influences in Prenatal Development Figure 2 of Chapter 9

14. Copyright © McGraw-Hill, Inc. 2011 14 Infancy and Childhood What are the major competencies of newborns? What are the major competencies of newborns? What are the milestones of physical and social development during childhood? What are the milestones of physical and social development during childhood? How does cognitive development proceed during childhood? How does cognitive development proceed during childhood?

15. Copyright © McGraw-Hill, Inc. 2011 15 The Extraordinary Newborn Reflexes Reflexes Unlearned, involuntary responses that occur automatically in the presence of certain stimuli Unlearned, involuntary responses that occur automatically in the presence of certain stimuli Rooting reflex Rooting reflex Sucking reflex Sucking reflex Gag reflex Gag reflex Startle reflex Startle reflex Babinski reflex Babinski reflex

16. Copyright © McGraw-Hill, Inc. 2011 16 The Extraordinary Newborn Milestones of Physical Development, Birth to Age 2 Figure 3 of Chapter 9

17. Copyright © McGraw-Hill, Inc. 2011 17 The Extraordinary Newborn Development of the Senses Development of the Senses Visual abilities grow rapidly after birth Visual abilities grow rapidly after birth Habituation Habituation Decrease in the response to a stimulus that occurs after repeated presentations of the same stimulus Decrease in the response to a stimulus that occurs after repeated presentations of the same stimulus

18. Copyright © McGraw-Hill, Inc. 2011 18 Infancy Through Middle Childhood Physical Development Physical Development During first year of life children typically triple birthweight During first year of life children typically triple birthweight Height increases by about half Height increases by about half

19. Copyright © McGraw-Hill, Inc. 2011 19 Infancy Through Middle Childhood Average Height and Weight of U.S. Males and Females, Birth to Age 20 Figure 4 of Chapter 9

20. Copyright © McGraw-Hill, Inc. 2011 20 Infancy Through Middle Childhood Head Size Relative to Body Size, Birth to Age 25 Figure 5 of Chapter 9

21. Copyright © McGraw-Hill, Inc. 2011 21 Development of Social Behavior Relationships with Caregivers Relationships with Caregivers Attachment Attachment The positive emotional bond that develops between a child and a particular individual The positive emotional bond that develops between a child and a particular individual Konrad Lorenz Konrad Lorenz Imprinting Imprinting

22. Copyright © McGraw-Hill, Inc. 2011 22 Social Relationships with Peers Helps children interpret the meaning of others’ behavior and develop the capacity to respond appropriately Helps children interpret the meaning of others’ behavior and develop the capacity to respond appropriately Helps children learn physical and emotional self-control Helps children learn physical and emotional self-control

23. Copyright © McGraw-Hill, Inc. 2011 23 Parenting Styles and Social Development Authoritarian Authoritarian Permissive Permissive Authoritative Authoritative Uninvolved Uninvolved

24. Copyright © McGraw-Hill, Inc. 2011 24 Parenting Styles and Social Development Baumrind’s Four Styles of Parenting Figure 6 of Chapter 9

25. Copyright © McGraw-Hill, Inc. 2011 25 Erikson’s Theory of Psychosocial Development Trust-versus-Mistrust Stage Trust-versus-Mistrust Stage Birth – 1½ years of age Birth – 1½ years of age Autonomy-versus-Shame-and-Doubt Stage Autonomy-versus-Shame-and-Doubt Stage 1½ – 3 years of age 1½ – 3 years of age Initiative-versus-Guilt Stage Initiative-versus-Guilt Stage 3 – 6 years of age 3 – 6 years of age Industry-versus-Inferiority Stage Industry-versus-Inferiority Stage 6 – 12 years of age 6 – 12 years of age

26. Copyright © McGraw-Hill, Inc. 2011 26 Cognitive Development: Children’s Thinking About the World Piaget’s Theory of Cognitive Development Piaget’s Theory of Cognitive Development Sensorimotor stage Sensorimotor stage Birth to 2 years of age Birth to 2 years of age Object permanence Object permanence Preoperational stage Preoperational stage 2 to 7 years of age 2 to 7 years of age Egocentric thought Egocentric thought Principle of conservation Principle of conservation

27. Copyright © McGraw-Hill, Inc. 2011 27 Cognitive Development: Children’s Thinking About the World Piaget’s Theory of Cognitive Development Piaget’s Theory of Cognitive Development Concrete operational stage Concrete operational stage 7 to 12 years of age 7 to 12 years of age Reversibility Reversibility Formal operational stage Formal operational stage 12 years of age to adulthood 12 years of age to adulthood Abstract, formal, and logical thinking Abstract, formal, and logical thinking

28. Copyright © McGraw-Hill, Inc. 2011 28 Piaget Piaget’s Theory of Cognitive Development Figure 7 of Chapter 9

29. Copyright © McGraw-Hill, Inc. 2011 29 Piaget Tests of the Principle of Conservation Figure 8 of Chapter 9

30. Copyright © McGraw-Hill, Inc. 2011 30 Information-Processing Approaches: Charting Children’s Mental Programs The way in which people take in, use, and store information The way in which people take in, use, and store information Metacognition Metacognition An awareness and understanding of one’s own cognitive processes An awareness and understanding of one’s own cognitive processes

31. Copyright © McGraw-Hill, Inc. 2011 31 Vygotsky’s Sociocultural View of Cognitive Development Cognitive development occurs as a consequence of social interactions in which children work with others to jointly solve problems Cognitive development occurs as a consequence of social interactions in which children work with others to jointly solve problems Zone of proximal development (ZPD) Zone of proximal development (ZPD) Level at which a child can almost, but not fully, comprehend or perform a task on his or her own Level at which a child can almost, but not fully, comprehend or perform a task on his or her own Scaffolding Scaffolding

32. Copyright © McGraw-Hill, Inc. 2011 32 Adolescence What major physical, social, and cognitive transitions characterize adolescence? What major physical, social, and cognitive transitions characterize adolescence?

33. Copyright © McGraw-Hill, Inc. 2011 33 Adolescence Developmental stage between childhood and adulthood Developmental stage between childhood and adulthood

34. Copyright © McGraw-Hill, Inc. 2011 34 Physical Changes Puberty Puberty Period at which maturation of the sexual organs occurs Period at which maturation of the sexual organs occurs For girls it begins at about age 11 or 12 when menstruation starts For girls it begins at about age 11 or 12 when menstruation starts For boys it is marked by their first ejaculation, known as spermarche, usually around the age of 13 For boys it is marked by their first ejaculation, known as spermarche, usually around the age of 13

35. Copyright © McGraw-Hill, Inc. 2011 35 Physical Changes Physical Development in Adolescence Figure 10 of Chapter 9

36. Copyright © McGraw-Hill, Inc. 2011 36 Moral and Cognitive Development Kohlberg’s Theory of Moral Development Kohlberg’s Theory of Moral Development Three-level sequence Three-level sequence Judgments, not moral behavior Judgments, not moral behavior Moral development in women Moral development in women

37. Copyright © McGraw-Hill, Inc. 2011 37 Moral and Cognitive Development Kohlberg’s Three Levels of Moral Development Figure 11 of Chapter 9

38. Copyright © McGraw-Hill, Inc. 2011 38 Adolescent Social Development Erikson’s Theory of Psychosocial Development Erikson’s Theory of Psychosocial Development Identity-versus-role-confusion stage Identity-versus-role-confusion stage Identity Identity Intimacy-versus-isolation stage Intimacy-versus-isolation stage Early adulthood Early adulthood Focuses on developing close relationships with others Focuses on developing close relationships with others

39. Copyright © McGraw-Hill, Inc. 2011 39 Adolescent Social Development Erikson’s Theory of Psychosocial Development Erikson’s Theory of Psychosocial Development Generativity-versus-stagnation stage Generativity-versus-stagnation stage Middle adulthood Middle adulthood Ability to contribute to one’s family, community, work, and society, and to assist the development of the younger generation Ability to contribute to one’s family, community, work, and society, and to assist the development of the younger generation Ego-integrity-versus-despair stage Ego-integrity-versus-despair stage Later adulthood until death Later adulthood until death Sense of accomplishment Sense of accomplishment

40. Copyright © McGraw-Hill, Inc. 2011 40 Adolescent Social Development Erikson’s Stages of Psychosocial Development Figure 12 of Chapter 9

41. Copyright © McGraw-Hill, Inc. 2011 41 Adolescent Social Development Adolescent Suicide Adolescent Suicide Third leading cause of death for adolescents Third leading cause of death for adolescents Warning signs: Warning signs: School problems Self-destructive behavior Loss of appetite or excessive eating Withdrawal from friends and peers Sleeping problems Signs of depression Preoccupation with death Putting affairs in order, giving away prized possessions Explicit announcement of thoughts of suicide

42. Copyright © McGraw-Hill, Inc. 2011 42 Adolescent Social Development Problems Cited by Adolescents Calling a Suicide Helpline Figure 14 of Chapter 9

43. Copyright © McGraw-Hill, Inc. 2011 43 Adulthood What are the principal kinds of physical, social, and intellectual changes that occur in early and middle adulthood, and what are their causes? What are the principal kinds of physical, social, and intellectual changes that occur in early and middle adulthood, and what are their causes? How does the reality of late adulthood differ from the stereotypes about that period? How does the reality of late adulthood differ from the stereotypes about that period? How can we adjust to death? How can we adjust to death?

44. Copyright © McGraw-Hill, Inc. 2011 44 Physical Changes The Peak of Health The Peak of Health For most people, early adulthood marks the peak of physical health For most people, early adulthood marks the peak of physical health Around age 25, the body becomes slightly less efficient and more susceptible to disease Around age 25, the body becomes slightly less efficient and more susceptible to disease Menopause Menopause Women stop menstruating and are no longer fertile Women stop menstruating and are no longer fertile Hormone therapy (HT) is controversial Hormone therapy (HT) is controversial

45. Copyright © McGraw-Hill, Inc. 2011 45 Adult Social Development People typically launch themselves into careers, marriage, and families People typically launch themselves into careers, marriage, and families Midlife Transition Midlife Transition Period when people may begin to question their lives Period when people may begin to question their lives Midlife crisis Midlife crisis

46. Copyright © McGraw-Hill, Inc. 2011 46 Adult Social Development Marriage, Children, and Divorce Marriage, Children, and Divorce Changes in marriage and divorce trends have doubled the number of single-parent households in the U.S. over the last two decades Changes in marriage and divorce trends have doubled the number of single-parent households in the U.S. over the last two decades Economic and emotional consequences for the single-parent households Economic and emotional consequences for the single-parent households Changing Roles of Men and Women Changing Roles of Men and Women More women act simultaneously as wives, mothers, and wage earners More women act simultaneously as wives, mothers, and wage earners

47. Copyright © McGraw-Hill, Inc. 2011 47 Growing Old The Aging Body The Aging Body Genetic Preprogramming Theories of Aging Genetic Preprogramming Theories of Aging Suggest that human cells have a built-in time limit to their reproduction Suggest that human cells have a built-in time limit to their reproduction Wear-and-Tear Theories of Aging Wear-and-Tear Theories of Aging Suggest that the mechanical functions of the body simply work less efficiently as people age Suggest that the mechanical functions of the body simply work less efficiently as people age Thinking in Late Adulthood Thinking in Late Adulthood

48. Copyright © McGraw-Hill, Inc. 2011 48 Growing Old Age-Related Changes in Intellectual Skills Figure 15 of Chapter 9

49. Copyright © McGraw-Hill, Inc. 2011 49 Growing Old Are Older Adults Forgetful? Are Older Adults Forgetful? Alzheimer’s disease Alzheimer’s disease Progressive brain disorder that leads to a gradual and irreversible decline in cognitive abilities Progressive brain disorder that leads to a gradual and irreversible decline in cognitive abilities

50. Copyright © McGraw-Hill, Inc. 2011 50 Growing Old The Social World of Late Adulthood The Social World of Late Adulthood Disengagement Theory of Aging Disengagement Theory of Aging Aging produces a gradual withdrawal from the world on physical, psychological, and social levels Aging produces a gradual withdrawal from the world on physical, psychological, and social levels Life review Life review Activity Theory of Aging Activity Theory of Aging Late adulthood should reflect a continuation, as much as possible, of the activities in which people participated during the earlier part of their lives Late adulthood should reflect a continuation, as much as possible, of the activities in which people participated during the earlier part of their lives Life review Life review

51. Copyright © McGraw-Hill, Inc. 2011 51 Adjusting to Death Elisabeth Kübler-Ross’s Five Stages Elisabeth Kübler-Ross’s Five Stages Denial Denial Anger Anger Bargaining Bargaining Depression Depression Acceptance Acceptance