1. Ecology Biosphere – entire part of the Earth where living exists. Soil, water, light, air. Ecosystem – interactions between living and non-living matter Community – group of interacting populations Population – individuals that belong to the same species

2. Biomes Pg. 220 of Princeton Review – know them

3. Ecosystems Interactions between living and non-living matter Cycles – carbon, water, nitrogen

4. Carbon Cycle

5. Water Cycle

6. Nitrogen Cycle

7. Community Producers, Consumers, Decomposers – food chains Niche – an organism’s position and function in the community. 10% Rule – only 10% of energy is transferred from one level to the next Energy pyramid on pg. 223 in princeton review. Read paragraph on DDT.

8. Food Chain

9. Pyramid of Energy

10. Community Ecology Interspecific competition – competition between different species Resolved by: 1.Competitive exclusion – Gause’s principle – one individual outcompetes the other and replaces them in the niche 2.Resource partitioning – when different species can occupy a slightly different niche and live together

11. Resource partitioning

12. More ways to resolve competition 3.Character displacement – a slight difference can change an organism’s niche and reduce competition. Ex. Bird beaks on the Galapagos 4.Realized Niche vs. fundamental niche – fundamental niche is the one without competition, realized is one that the organism settles for. Ex. Barnacles

13. Fundamental and Realized Niches

14. Predation True predator – kills and eats its prey Parasite – living off of the host without killing the host Parasitoid – lays eggs in a host Herbivore – eats plants, granivores, grazers, browsers

15. Symbiosis Mutualism – both benefit Commensalism – one benefits, while the other is neither helped nor harmed Parasitism – host is harmed, parasite benefits