1. Some Empirical Aspects of Entrepreneurship By David S. Evans and Linda S. Leighton Agata Narożnik Levan Bzhalava

2. Introduction 4.2 million people operate business on a full time basis. They employ tenth of all wage workers Self-employed has increase since mid-1970s

3. Small Firms Major source of industrial changes Creating a disproportionate share of new jobs Many states have programs to stimulate small- firm formation

4. Helping unemployed workers start business Great Britain, France, Belgium, Netherlands

5. Determinants of self- employment?

6. Contents I - Data description. II - Statistics on self-employment entry and exit over the life cycle and report estimates. III - Determinants of self-employments earnings IV - Conclusion

7. Data description The National Longitudinal Survey (NLS) – White men between 14-24 in 1966 – Surveyed yearly between 1966 and 1971 and 1973, 1975, 1976, 1978, 1980 and 1981 – 1966 – 3918 respondents – 1981 – 2731 respondents

8. The March Supplement to the Current Population Survey (CPS) for 1968-1987 – 150000 white men between age 18-65 – Information on the employment status for the survey year and for the previous Data description

9. Entry and Exit over the life cycle Simple time-homognous Markov model – The probability that an individual will operate business T years after entering the labour force is: e – probability of entering the self-employment x – probability of exiting self-employmet

10. Entry and Exit over the life cycle

14. Entering self-employment Expected utility of self employmet Expected utility of wage work > THAN Individual switchs to self- employment

20. Entering Self-employmet The probability of switching into self-employment increases with net worth – assets (NLS), liquidity (CPS) Wage experience is statisticaly insignificent Individuals with low wages are more likely to switch Individuals with longer job tenure are less likely to switch into self-employment Individuals who have changed job frequently are more likely to switch

21. Entering self-employmet The individuals who have had prior self- employment experience are more likely to switch The effect of previuos unemployment is not consistent – 1980-1981 positive and significant – 1976-1978 negative and insignificant – 1978-1980 negative and insignificant

22. Entry is time homogenous Exit decreases sharply with time Workers with low wages and a history of instability are more likely to switch to self- employment holding assets and education constraints. Entry and Exit - Conclusion

23. III. Self Employment Selection and Earnings Previous Works Borjas and Bronars (1987) Evans (1985) Brock and Evans (1986) 1980 Census data Rees and Shah (1985) U.K. data on small cross section Blau (1985) Malaysian farmers Data

24. Data problems of Previous works 1.No information on self-employment versus wage experiences 2. Sparse information on personal characteristics.

25. NLS Data Gives possibility to estimate a much more refined model and to investigate the effect of wage and self-employment experience on wage and self-employment earnings.

26. Data Consist 2,405 white man who were in the 1981 NLS survey. A total of 272 individuals were deleted either because they held both wage and self-employment jobs or because information was inconsistent.

28. Result of Probit Estimation Probability of being self-employed increases with labor-market experience Changing job frequently Relatively more unemployment experience More educated individuals in professional occupations More internal locus of control Having father manager

30. Differences in Return wage experience in self-employment (2.1%) wage experience in wage work (5.6%) Self-employment experience in self- employment (4.6%)

31. Differences in Return For professional workers the returns to education are higher in self-employment than in wage work Unemployment experience carries larger penalty in self-employment than in wage work

32. Interpretation of the Differences Human-capital accumulated through wage work is less valuable in self-employment than wage work. Individual who switch into self-employment later in their careers (and who have thereby accumulated more wage experience) are relatively poorer wage worker

33. IV. Conclusions Probability of entering self-employment is independent of age or experience for the first 20 years of employment But Individuals face liquidity constraints and have to accumulate assets to start business. Discovering a business opportunities takes time. Older people might be more likely to have identified an opportunity but less likely to choose to exploit it.

34. IV. Conclusions Determinants of switching from wage work to self-employment Relatively low wage. Frequently changing jobs. Frequently experiencing unemployment as wage workers. More internal locus of control

35. Questions, Comments….