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2.  Review: Course Structure  Critical Thinking Assignment  Historical Overview  NDP Years  Campbell Years September 10, 2013 2

3.  Daniel Kahan, “What Is Motivated Reasoning and How Does It Work?, Science and Religion Today May 4, 2011.What Is Motivated Reasoning and How Does It Work?  Mark Hume, “The fight to protect what’s left of old-growth forests,” Globe and Mail, March 17, 2013The fight to protect what’s left of old-growth forests September 6, 2012 3

4.  motivated cognition: unconscious tendency to fit processing of information to conclusions that suit some end or goal  biased information search: seeking out (or disproportionally attending to) evidence that is congruent rather than incongruent with the motivating goal  biased assimilation: crediting and discrediting evidence selectively in patterns that promote rather than frustrate the goal  identity-protective cognition: reacting dismissively to information the acceptance of which would experience dissonance or anxiety.  Daniel Kahan, “What Is Motivated Reasoning and How Does It Work?, Science and Religion Today May 4, 2011.What Is Motivated Reasoning and How Does It Work? 4

5.  Read the Hume article  Write down and bring to class:  1 important argument in the article  Value(s) underlying that argument  Factual assertion, if any, behind the argument  Max 15 minutes of “research” to fact-check 5

6.  Critical reading assignment  Evolution of BC forest policy  Readings:  Daniel Kahan, “What Is Motivated Reasoning and How Does It Work?, Science and Religion Today May 4, 2011.What Is Motivated Reasoning and How Does It Work?  BC Ministry of Forests, Lands, and Natural Resource Operations, Timber Tenures in British Columbia: Managing Public Forests in the Public Interest, June 2012,Timber Tenures in British Columbia  George Hoberg, “Bringing the Market Back In: BC Natural Resource Policies During the Campbell Years,” in British Columbia Politics and Government, Micheal Howlett, Dennis Pilon, and Tracy Sommerville, eds, (Toronto: Edmond Montgomery, 2010), pp. 331-43, 349-51. (reading packet) September 5. 2013 6

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10.  Review: Course Structure  Critical Thinking Assignment  Historical Overview  NDP Years  Campbell Years September 10, 2013 10

11.  BC Ministry of Forests, Lands, and Natural Resource Operations, Timber Tenures in British Columbia: Managing Public Forests in the Public Interest, June 2012, http://www.for.gov.bc.ca/ftp/hth/external/!publish/web/ti mber-tenures/timber-tenures-2006.pdf http://www.for.gov.bc.ca/ftp/hth/external/!publish/web/ti mber-tenures/timber-tenures-2006.pdf  George Hoberg, “Bringing the Market Back In: BC Natural Resource Policies During the Campbell Years,” in British Columbia Politics and Government, Michael Howlett, Dennis Pilon, and Tracy Sommerville, eds, (Toronto: Edmond Montgomery, 2010), pp. 331-43, 349-51. (reading packet) note figure 18.3 – label backwards September 10, 2013 11

12.  “Those who cannot remember the past are condemned to repeat it” – George Santayana  Policy legacies of the past constrain present options September 10, 2013 12

13.  BC’s forest tenure system is an anachronism.* With its origins in the mid- 20th century, it is the legacy of another era…and ill-equipped to deal with the realities of the 21st century, including the changing character of the timber resource, changing public attitudes towards and demands on crown forests… September 10, 2013 13 Anachronism: A thing belonging or appropriate to a period other than that in which it exists, esp. a thing that is conspicuously old- fashioned.

14. 1. Allocation of “Crown” timber-- tenuretenure 2. Pricing -- stumpagestumpage 3. Rate of harvest – allowable annual cut (AAC) 4. Land Use – zoning for different values (logging, conservation, etc) Land Use 5. Regulation of harvesting -- Forest PracticesForest Practices 6. Emergent areas and overlaps (energy, carbon)energy carbon 14

15.  BC forestry glossary http://www.for.gov.bc.ca/hfd/library/documents/ glossary/Glossary.pdf http://www.for.gov.bc.ca/hfd/library/documents/ glossary/Glossary.pdf September 10, 2013 15

16.  “it is evident that forest tenures are means by which governments grant benefit streams from forest resources to individuals or organizations, subject to numerous operational rules that are conditions of holding tenure.  As such, we define forest tenures as property rights to forest resources granted to private firms by governments.  In Canada, Crown forest tenures that delineate property rights to the nation’s public forests influence the behaviour of both public and private agents in the forest sector and, consequently, have been key instruments of public forest policy since the earliest years of colonization. Luckert et al p 50 September 10, 2013 16

17.  outright land sales (mostly Railroad)  < 5%, but high quality  timber leases since 1865 (“old temporary tenures”)  contained “appurtenancy” provision linking harvesting rights to the operation of sawmill September 10, 2013 17

18.  restriction on the property right of the tenure agreement  “appurtenancy refers to whether a tenure holder must own and/or operate a processing facility for the products covered by the tenure in order to exercise the rights granted” (Luckert et al p 63) September 10, 2013 18

19.  1912: Forest Act  Followed from the Fulton CommissionFulton Commission  Focus on timber allocation, revenues, and economic development  Created Forest Service  Created Timber Sale Licences  awarded on competitive bids, no appurtenancy  all management done by government  contained objective of “protecting the water supply” September 10, 2013 19

20.  1947 Amendments  Followed Sloan Royal Commission  Sustained yield policy -- rate of cut  Forest Management Licences (future Tree Farm Licences)  area-based, unlimited in term (later changed)  management responsibilities delegated to private companies  intended to attract large capital investments necessary for large plants (economic development)  some had appurtenancy clauses September 10, 2013 20

21.  Allocation of new licences very controversial  “Sommers Affair” - Minister of Forests convicted for taking bribesSommers Affair  late 1950s-early 60s, move away from competitive bidding  Continued domination of economic valuesdomination September 10, 2013 21

22.  1978 Amendments (+ Ministry of Forests Act)Ministry of Forests Act  Followed Pearse Royal CommissionPearse Royal Commission  explicit incorporation of environmental values  Business-oriented “Socred” government struggled to accommodate surging environmental concern September 10, 2013 22

23.  early 1980s  deep staff cuts  “sympathetic administration”  1987 Amendments  required private sector to bear full financial responsibility for reforestation  response to US countervailing duty pressures September 10, 2013 23

24.  Rejuvenation of environmental concern  1988: proposal to “rollover” all volume- based (FL) tenures to area-based (TFL) creates crisis  Criticized as “privatization”  1989: Forest Resources Commission appointedForest Resources Commission  beginning of the end of the old regime September 10, 2013 24

25.  evolution of tenure  less competition, more concentration of control  more private management responsibilities  Government-business partnership  economic concerns dominant (FP = BC econ development policy)  environmental concerns peripheral  when in crisis, appoint a Commission September 10, 2013 25

26.  1991: NDP government elected 1. Forest Practices Code – significantly expanded government regulation of how logging was done 2. Land Use Planning – comprehensive planning framework designed to increase protected areas to 12% 3. Timber Supply Review – brought more rigour and care to determination of rate of harvest 4. Forest Renewal BC created to invest in future forest and compensate workers September 10, 2013 26

27.  1996: shift from Harcourt to Clark  from pale green to labour brown  Jobs and Timber Accord – tried to tie cutting rights to provision of jobs  some significant change to protect environmental values  increased government regulation of economic transactions, labour market September 10, 2013 27

28. 28 environment governance markets policies actions Conse- quences

29.  Markets  Technology and new supply  High costs  restricted US market access  Low rate of return  Exchange rate  US demand  Price of lumber  Governance  Environmental movement  First Nations  Environment  Climate change and forest health September 10, 2013 29

30. September 10, 2013 September 6, 200730 The Campbell Era: Bringing the Market Back in May 2001: BC Liberals elected 77 of 79 seats

31.  results-based code  cheaper, simpler, while maintaining environmental values  working forest  compensate for protected areas with industrial zone - FAILED  market based pricing  economic deregulation (eliminated appurtenancy)  “new relationship” with First Nations  2008: Forestry RoundtableForestry Roundtable September 10, 2013 31

32. September 10, 2013 32 http://www.for.gov.bc.ca/ftp/hth/external/!publish/web/timber- tenures/apportionment/aptr032.pdf

33.  Read: Special Committee on Timber Supply, Growing Fibre, Growing Value, Victoria: Legislative Assembly of British Columbia, August 2012. Growing Fibre, Growing Value  Read over simulations and think about which one you want to do September 10, 2013 33