1. Mechanics Topic 2.2 Forces and Dynamics

2. Forces and Free-body Diagrams To a physicist a force is recognised by the effect or effects that it produces A force is something that can cause an object to Deform (i.e. change its shape) Speed up Slow Down Change direction

3. The last three of these can be summarised by stating that a force produces a change in velocity Or an acceleration

4. Free-body Diagrams A free-body diagram is a diagram in which the forces acting on the body are represented by lines with arrows. The length of the lines represent the relative magnitude of the forces. The lines point in the direction of the force. The forces act from the centre of mass of the body The arrows should come from the centre of mass of the body

5. Example 1 Normal/Contact Force Weight/Force due to Gravity A block resting on a worktop

6. Example 2 A car moving with a constant velocity Normal/Contact Force Weight/Force due to Gravity Motor ForceResistance

7. Example 3 A plane accelerating horizontally Upthrust/Lift Weight/Force due to Gravity Motor Force Air Resistance

8. Resolving Forces Q. A force of 50N is applied to a block on a worktop at an angle of 30 o to the horizontal. What are the vertical and horizontal components of this force?

9. Answer First we need to draw a free-body diagram 30 o 50N

10. We can then resolve the force into the 2 components 30 o 50N Vertical = 50 sin 30 o Horizontal = 50 cos 30 o

11. Therefore Vertical = 50 sin 30 o = 25N Horizontal = 50 cos 30 o = 43.3 = 43N

12. Determining the Resultant Force Two forces act on a body P as shown in the diagram Find the resultant force on the body. 30 o 50N 30N

13. Resolve the forces into the vertical and horizontal components (where applicable) Solution 30 o 50N 30N 50 sin 30 o 50 cos 30 o

14. Add horizontal components and add vertical components. 50 sin 30 o = 25N 50 cos 30 o – 30N = 13.3N

15. Now combine these 2 components 25N 13.3N R R 2 = 25 2 + 13.3 2 R = 28.3 = 28N

16. Finally to Find the Angle 25N 13.3N R  tan  = 25/13.3  = 61.987  = 62 o The answer is therefore 28N at 62 o upwards from the horizontal to the right

17. Springs The extension of a spring which obeys Hooke´s law is directly proportional to the extending tension A mass m attached to the end of a spring exerts a downward tension mg on it and if it is stretched by an amount x, then if k is the tension required to produce unit extension (called the spring constant and measured in Nm -1 ) the stretching tension is also kx and so mg = kx

18. Spring Diagram x

19. Newton´s Laws The First Law Every object continues in a state of rest or uniform motion in a straight line unless acted upon by an external force

20. Examples Any stationary object! Difficult to find examples of moving objects here on the earth due to friction Possible example could be a puck on ice where it is a near frictionless surface

21. Equilibrium If a body is acted upon by a number of coplanar forces and is in equilibrium ( i.e. there is rest (static equilibrium) or unaccelerated motion (dynamic equilibrium)) then the following condition must apply The components of the forces in both of any two directions (usually taken at right angles) must balance.

22. Newton´s Laws The Second Law There are 2 versions of this law

23. Newton´s Second Law 1 st version The rate of change of momentum of a body is proportional to the resultant force and occurs in the direction of the force. F = mv – mu F =  t t

24. Newton´s Second Law 2 nd version The acceleration of a body is proportional to the resultant force and occurs in the direction of the force. F = ma

25. Linear Momentum The momentum p of a body of constant mass m moving with velocity v is, by definition mv Momentum of a body is defined as the mass of the body multiplied by its velocity Momentum = mass x velocity p = mv It is a vector quantity Its units are kg m s -1 or Ns It is the property of a moving body.

26. Impulse From Newtons second law F = mv – mu F =  t t Ft = mv – mu This quantity Ft is called the impulse of the force on the body and it is equal to the change in momentum of a body. It is a vector quantity Its units are kg m s -1 or Ns

27. Law of Conservation of Linear Momentum The law can be stated thus When bodies in a system interact the total momentum remains constant provided no external force acts on the system.

28. Deriving This Law To derive this law we apply Newton´s 2 nd law to each body and Newton´s 3 rd law to the system i.e. Imagine 2 bodies A and B interacting If A has a mass of m A and B has a mass m B If A has a velocity change of u A to v A and B has a velocity change of u B to v B during the time of the interaction t

29. Then the force on A given by Newton 2 is F A = m A v A – m A u A t And the force on B is F B = m B v B – m B u B t But Newton 3 says that these 2 forces are equal and opposite in direction

30. Therefore m A v A – m A u A = -(m B v B – m B u B ) t t Therefore m A v A – m A u A = m B u B – m B v B Rearranging m A v A + m B v B = m A u A + m B u B Total Momentum after = Total Momentum before

31. Newton´s Laws The Third Law When two bodies A and B interact, the force that A exerts on B is equal and opposite to the force that B exerts on A.

32. Example of Newton´s 3 rd Q. According to Newton’s third Law what is the opposite force to your weight? A. As your weight is the pull of the Earth on you, then the opposite is the pull of you on the Earth!

33. Newton´s 3 rd Law The law is stating that forces never occur singularly but always in pairs as a result of the interaction between two bodies. For example, when you step forward from rest, your foot pushes backwards on the Earth and the Earth exerts an equal and opposite force forward on you. Two bodies and two forces are involved.

34. Important The equal and opposite forces do not act on the same body!